Urban agglomerations have become the new spatial unit of global economic competition. The intense socioeconomic activities attributed to the development of urban agglomerations are bound to cause damage to the ecosystem services of these urban agglomerations. This study adopts the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei urban agglomeration in China as the research object, analyzes the spatiotemporal evolution of its critical ecosystem service capacity to address regional ++-development risks from 2000–2018, and employs the Moran’s I and geographically weighted regression model to explore the spatial correlation and spatial heterogeneity in the responses of urbanization and ecosystem services. The study indicates that (1) from 2000–2018, the ecosystem services of the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei urban agglomeration exhibit an increase and then a decline, reaching the highest index in 2015; (2) the ecosystem services reveal obvious spatial heterogeneity with the Yan and Taihang Mountains region as the boundary; (3) built-up area ratio, GDP density, and population density exhibit highly obvious negative correlation driving characteristics on ecosystem services; and (4) the construction land ratio exerts a notable impact on areas with a high ecosystem services, while the spatial response of the effect magnitude of the population and GDP densities is largely influenced by intensive, high-pollution and energy-consuming industries. This article also proposes strategies for the optimization of ecological resources and spatial control, which are dedicated to mitigating the negative impacts of rapid urbanization processes on ecosystem services.

Forest ecosystems are crucial to the survival and development of human societies. Urbanization is expected to impact forest landscape patterns and consequently the supply of forest ecosystem services. However, the specific ways by which such impacts manifest are unclear. Therefore, to discuss the relationship between them is of great significance for realizing regional sustainable development. Here, we quantitatively assess the intensity of forest ecosystem service functions and forest landscape patterns in Renqiu City of China’s Hebei Province in 2019 using ArcGIS and FRAGSTATS. We characterize the relationships between forest ecosystem service capacity and landscape patterns, and identify strategies for the spatial optimization of forests. We find that the ecosystem service intensity of forests are significantly correlated with their spatial distribution, forest area ratio, and landscape patterns. Specifically, the percentage of landscape (PLAND) index, landscape shape index (LSI), and contagion (CONTAG) index indices display second-order polynomial relationships with various forest ecosystem service functions, with critical values of 80, 5, and 70, respectively. We propose that forest ecosystem functions can be optimized by optimizing forest landscape patterns. Specifically, to maximize the function of forest ecosystem services, managers should consider the integrity of forest ecosystems, optimize their ability to self-succession, repair service functions of key nodes within forests, enhance forests’ structural stability, optimize forest quality and community structure, and strengthen the efficiency of functional transformation per unit area. Finally, we propose a strategy for the spatial optimization of forests in Renqiu to optimize their associated ecosystem services. This involves protecting important areas for forest ecosystems, rationally organizing different ecological patches such as forests and water bodies to maximize their functions, strengthening the connectivity of scattered forests, and supplementing woodland areas.