Primary studies estimate consumers' willingness to pay for a single or a couple of coffee ecolabelling in a single country and occasionally across countries. The estimates are not beyond explaining consumers' willingness to pay for a specific attribute in that particular study area. This creates uncertainty in disentangling heterogeneity in the effect size within the same country and across countries which can be associated with publication bias and/or other factors. We apply a metaÀanalysis that combines individual willingness to pay (n ¼ 97) from 22 primary studies to estimate average effect size for each attribute and explore factors that explain heterogeneity in the effect size in the last 15 years. Our descriptive analysis results designate that consumers' willingness to pay for a pound of Organic, Country of Origin Labeling, and Fairtrade coffee is positive and significant. The metaÀmodel results show that Organic attribute is the most important factor that affects willingness to pay for ecoÀcoffee. Compared to other stated preference methods, choice experiment has the potential to reduce hypothetical bias and precisely estimate the effect size. The difference in the effect size across regions indicates consumers' preference heterogeneity for coffee ecolabelling. In general, despite the debate that the existence of multiple ecolabelling in the market may cause a decline in consumers' trust and willingness to pay overtime, our study concludes that consumers' purchase behavior in selected countries is proÀecoÀcoffee.

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Recognizing that community-based natural resource management (CBNRM) approaches have had mixed success in pastoral rangelands, this paper compares five case studies-two from Kenya, two from Ethiopia and one from Tunisia-to identify aspects of social-ecological context that affect the implementation and success of CBNRM in pastoral settings. Data for each case was collected following a common protocol. Among the characteristics that emerged from our study as important were socio-political and biophysical characteristics of the wider landscape within which the community's rangeland territory is located and the extent to which that territory is circumscribed by some combination of other land uses and land tenure types, major political boundaries, and physical landscape features. The analysis of these cases suggests that where pastoralist communities coexist in large, open rangeland landscapes, rather than a narrowly community-based approach, natural resource management interventions need to be explicitly multi-level and horizontally flexible.

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