Xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) is a human genetic disease which is caused by defects in nucleotide excision repair. Since this repair pathway is responsible for removing UV irradiation-induced damage to DNA, XP patients are hypersensitive to sunlight and are prone to develop skin cancer. Based on the underlying genetic defect, the disease can be divided into the seven complementation groups XPA through XPG. XPF, in association with ERCC1, constitutes a structure-specific endonuclease that makes an incision 5 to the photodamage. XPF-ERCC1 has also been implicated in both removal of interstrand DNA cross-links and homology-mediated recombination and in immunoglobulin class switch recombination (CSR). To study the function of XPF in vivo, we inactivated the XPF gene in mice. XPF-deficient mice showed a severe postnatal growth defect and died approximately 3 weeks after birth. Histological examination revealed that the liver of mutant animals contained abnormal cells with enlarged nuclei. Furthermore, embryonic fibroblasts defective in XPF are hypersensitive to UV irradiation and mitomycin C treatment. No defect in CSR was detected, suggesting that the nuclease is dispensable for this recombination process. These phenotypes are identical to those exhibited by the ERCC1-deficient mice, consistent with the functional association of the two proteins. The complex phenotype suggests that XPF-ERCC1 is involved in multiple DNA repair processes.
Early diagnosis of NOMI is possible using the above criteria and MDCT, and initiation of PGE1 treatment may increase survival in patients with NOMI.
Purpose. This study compared the clinical utility of indocyanine green (ICG) fluorescence and radioisotope (RI) for sentinel lymph node (SLN) detection in breast cancer. Methods. Women with node-negative breast cancer underwent SLN biopsy using ICG fluorescence and RI. The primary end point was the sensitivity of ICG fluorescence compared with RI in the patients with tumor-positive SLNs. Secondary end points included detection rates for SLN, the additive effect of ICG fluorescence to RI, signature of positive SLNs according to tier, and adverse events related to ICG administration. Results. A total of 847 women with clinical node-negative breast cancer underwent SLN biopsy, and 821 patients were included in the per-protocol analysis. SLN mapping was performed using ICG fluorescence and RI. The overall detection of SLNs using ICG fluorescence was identical to RI (97.2 vs. 97.0 %, P = 0.88), and the combination of both methods achieved a significant improvement compared with RI alone (99.8 vs. 97.0 %, P \ 0.001). The detection rate for tumor-positive SLN was 93.3 % for ICG fluorescence and 90.0 % for RI, and the sensitivity of the ICG fluorescence method was 95.7 % (95 % CI 91.3-98.3, P = 0.11). The additional use of ICG significantly improved positive SLN detection for RI (97.2 vs. 90.0 %, P \ 0.001). There were no serious adverse events related to hypersensitivity to ICG. Conclusions. The ICG fluorescence method may be an acceptable alternative to SLN detection using RI in breast cancer.Sentinel lymph node (SLN) biopsy is the standard of care for axillary staging in breast cancer, and the dual tracer method using radioisotope (RI) and blue dye achieves the highest detection rates for SLN. 1-3 However, the applicability of RI is limited to large-volume centers with available RI facilities and nuclear medicine. The dye method is cost-effective, but it has drawbacks, such as a low detection rate and the need for significant physician skill and experience. 4 A novel method using indocyanine green (ICG) fluorescence was developed in
MR mammography permits more precise lesion assessment including ductal carcinoma in situ A correct diagnosis of occult invasion before treatment is important for clinicians This study showed the potential of MR mammography to diagnose occult invasion Treatment and/or aggressive biopsy can be given with greater confidence MR mammography can lead to more appropriate management of patients.
Purpose: We assessed the in‰uence of the menstrual cycle on background parenchymal enhancement (BPE) of the breast in the early and delayed phases of dynamic magnetic resonance (MR) imaging and the optimal timing of MR imaging of the breast in Japanese women.Material and Methods: We reviewed dynamic MR images of 165 consecutive women with regular menstrual cycles and divided the women into 4 groups by week of the menstrual cycle: 32 in Week One (Days 1 through 4 of the menstrual cycle); 46 in Week 2 (Days 5 through 12); 49 in Week 3 (Days 13 through 20); and 38 in Week 4 (Days 21 through 30). We qualitatively evaluated BPE of the whole breast in the early and delayed phases of MR imaging; categorized enhancement as minimal, mild, moderate, or marked; and calculated the rate at which signal intensity increased (=SI post-SI pre/SI pre) in regions of interest in from the early and delayed phase to the before contrast administration phase to assess BPE quantitatively.Results: In both the early and delayed dynamic MR phases, BPE was signiˆcantly more extensive and stronger in Week 4 than Week 2 ( Pº0.01). Throughout the menstrual cycle, BPE was signiˆcantly stronger in the delayed phase than in the early phase in both qualitative (Week One, P=0.0002; Weeks 2 through 4, Pº0.0001) and quantitative (Weeks One through 4, Pº0.0001) assessments.Conclusion: The optimal time to perform dynamic breast MR imaging in premenopausal Japanese women was during Days 5 through 12 of the menstrual cycle.
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