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Genistein is the most abundant isoflavone of soybeans and has been shown to cause growth arrest in various human cancer cell lines. However, the precise mechanism for this is still unclear. We report here that the growth arrest and DNA damage-inducible gene 45 (gadd45) gene is induced by genistein via its promoter in a DU145 human prostate cancer cell line. The binding of transcription factor nuclear factor-Y to the CCAAT site of the gadd45 promoter appears to be important for this activation by genistein.

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Objectives: Cold polypectomy (CP) is widely used because of its safety profile. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to clarify the indications for CP based on polyp size. Methods: We searched PubMed and the Cochrane Library for randomized controlled trials that compared cold snare polypectomy (CSP) and other procedures for polyps ! 10 mm. Large-scale prospective observational studies were also searched to assess delayed bleeding rates. The studies were integrated to assess the risk ratio for incomplete resection rates according to polyp size. The Cochrane risk of bias tool was used to evaluate the study bias. The certainty of cumulative evidence was assessed using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation system. Results: We found 280 articles and reviewed their eligibility. We selected and extracted 12 randomized controlled trials and 3 prospective observational studies. The risk ratio of incomplete resection of polyps ! 10 mm using CSP compared with hot snare polypectomy (HSP) was 1.36 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.92-2.01). The risk ratio for incomplete removal using CSP compared with cold forceps polypectomy (CFP) was 0.50 (95% CI, 0.31-0.82). For polyps ! 3 mm, the risk ratio of CSP compared with CFP was 1.40 (95% CI, 0.39-4.95). Certainty of cumulative evidence was considered low. No delayed bleeding after CP was reported after the treatment of 3446 polyps. Conclusions: CSP and HSP may result in the same complete resection rates for polyps ! 10 mm. For polyps ! 3 mm, CFP and CSP may have the same resection rates (PROSPERO registration number: CRD 42019122132).

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