Background Cytotoxic chemotherapy for advanced non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) as second‐line or subsequent treatment generally results in a poor treatment outcome. Several reports have indicated that subsequent cytotoxic chemotherapy in patients who have received immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) might have relatively better efficacy. Methods The clinical data of advanced NSCLC patients treated with nivolumab during clinical practice at the National Cancer Center Hospital between 17 December 2015 and 31 August 2017 were consecutively reviewed, and the treatment outcomes of docetaxel‐based chemotherapy (docetaxel +/− ramucirumab) or S‐1 after nivolumab were analyzed. The results were then compared with those of advanced NSCLC patients treated with docetaxel or S‐1 but not ICIs during clinical practice between 17 December 2014 and 16 December 2015. Results Thirty patients were administered docetaxel‐based chemotherapy and 21 patients were administered S‐1 in any line after nivolumab. Twenty‐four patients were administered docetaxel‐based chemotherapy and 15 patients were administered S‐1 immediately after nivolumab. Sixty‐six patients were administered docetaxel and 23 patients were administered S‐1 without ICIs. The objective response rate, disease control rate, and median progression‐free survival duration were 28.6%, 53.6%, and 5.26 months for patients receiving docetaxel‐based chemotherapy or S‐1 immediately after nivolumab treatment; 24.3%, 51.4%, and 3.88 months for patients receiving docetaxel‐based chemotherapy or S‐1 in any line after nivolumab; and 16.4%, 56.7%, and 2.74 months, for patients receiving docetaxel or S‐1 without ICIs, respectively. Conclusion Subsequent cytotoxic chemotherapy, especially immediately after nivolumab, has better treatment efficacy than that of regimens without ICI pretreatment.

Although some prospective studies provided the evidence of corticosteroids for critically ill patients with COVID-19, the optimal dosage or timing of corticosteroids is still unknown. This is a case series of four patients on methyl-prednisolone pulses for the late phase of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) with respiratory failure in our hospital. All patients needed invasive mechanical ventilation and had bimodal worseness of their respiratory status with consolidation and volume loss after intubation. All cases could successfully discontinue oxygen therapy without any severe adverse events after this pulse therapy in the late phase of COVID-19. This therapy is believed to be effective on some optimal patients. Hence, further studies to explore this efficacy and safety were needed.

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This is a first observational study of four patients on steroid pulse therapy for secondary organizing pneumonia with respiratory failure due to the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in our hospital. All patients needed invasive mechanical ventilation and had bimodal worseness of their respiratory status with organizing pneumonia after intubation. All cases could successfully discontinue oxygen therapy without any severe adverse events after this pulse therapy. Although few previous reports showed the efficacy and safety of this therapy, this therapy is believed to be effective on some optimal patients. Hence, further studies to explore this efficacy and safety were needed.