I Effects of the initial concentration and the amount of the fraction on the molecular weight distribution (mol. wt. distr.) of the fraction were examined on atactic polystyrene in methylcyclohexane. The phase separation was caused by lowering the temperature of the dilute solution. A constant amount (about 119 in weight of the total polymer dissolved) of the first fraction was precipitated from solutions of various initial concentrations ranging from 0.1 to 2.0%. In addition, the amount of the first fraction was varied from 1/2 to 1/5 for constant concentrations (1.0 and 2.0 yo). The mol. wt. distr. ofthe fraction thus obtained was determined by the gel permeation chrornatography.h is concluded that the mol. wt. distr. of the first fraction obtained by a simple precipitational method becomes narrower as the initial concentration is lower, while the breadth of the mol. wt. distr. of the fraction increases with decreasing the amount of the fraction, if it is less than half of the total polymer. These observations are in fairly good accord with the theoretical predictions deduced from the hypothetical fractionations in the previous papers.
ZUSAMMENFASSUNG:Der Einflufi der Anfangskonzentration und der Menge der Fraktion auf die Molekulargewichtsverteilung wurde bei ataktischem Polystyrol in Methylcyclohexan als Losungsmittel untersucht. Die Phasentrennung wurde durch Temperaturerniedrigung der verdunnten Losung hervorgerufen. Es wurde eine konstante Menge (etwa 1/9 des Gewichts des gelosten Polymeren) als erste Fraktion aus Losungen mit verschiedener Anfangskonzentration im Bereich von 0,l bis 2,0% ausgefallt. Aufierdem wurde die Menge der ersten Fraktion von 1/2 bis 1/5 des Polymeren fur konstante Konzentrationen (1,O und 2.0%) variiert. Die so erhaltene Molekulargewichtsverteilung der Fraktion wurde durch Gelchromatographie bestimmt. Es wurde geschlossen, daB die Molekulargewichtsverteilung der ersten Fraktion, die durch eine einfache Ausfallungsmethode erhalten wird, um so enger ist, je geringer die Anfangskonzentration ist, und da13 die Breite der Molekular-gewichtsverteilung mit fallender Menge der Fraktion zunimmt, sobald diese geringer ist ale die Halfte des gesamten Polymeren. Diese Beobachtungen befinden sich in ziemlich guter tfbereinstimmung mit den theoretischen Voraussagen, die aus den hypothetischen Fraktionierungen in den fruheren Veroffentlichungen abgeleitet wurden.
The possibility of using Albizia saman pod activated carbon (ASPAC) as an adsorbent in fixed down flow adsorption columns to remove Cd (II) from wastewater was investigated for the purpose of converting the waste to a valuable product. The effects of impregnation ratio, particle size, carbon height, pressure head and initial cadmium Cd (II) concentration on the adsorption of Cd (II) from wastewater were investigated. The obtained adsorption data from the experiment was then fitted into the Hutchin's bed depth service time (BDST) model to study the columns performance at 15% and 90% breakthrough concentrations. The BDST model constants were determined. An optimal pressure head of 5 cm, impregnation ratio of 1:6, packing height of 3.5 cm, particle size of 75 µm and initial Cd (II) concentration of 0.029 mg/L were found to be the most effective combination, which removed 100 % of the Cd (II) within a service time of 14 hrs. There was a gradual decrease in the percentage of adsorbed Cd (II) with time; the percentage adsorbed became zero at 44, 56 and 86 hours respectively for 2.5 cm, 3 cm and 3.5 cm carbon heights. The breakthrough curves for Cd (II) adsorption maintained the characteristic S-curve for most dynamic studies. Chisquared test performed on the developed BDST models revealed the goodness of fit of the models for the prediction of the columns performance at all breakthrough concentrations investigated. The use of ASPAC as adsorbent for the removal of Cd (II) from wastewater in adsorption columns is therefore recommended.
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