Face à un tsunami, l’unique mesure de mise en sécurité consiste à évacuer la population de la zone de danger. Pourtant, l’une des difficultés posées pour planifier ces évacuations est la variabilité de la fréquentation des littoraux, qui fluctue spatialement et temporellement. Dans ce contexte, cette étude présente une approche associant différentes données spatialisées à une échelle fine (bâtiment, individus), et exploitées dans un Système d’information géographique (SIG), pour estimer le nombre de personnes potentiellement à évacuer, pour deux scénarios de fréquentation. Elle a été testée, puis appliquée sur les 187 communes de la méditerranée française, ayant une partie de leur superficie située en zone terrestre à évacuer. Si 164 000 résidents étaient à évacuer sur une superficie totale de 207 km2, en particulier à Marseille, Fréjus et Toulon, les évacuations pourraient toutefois concerner 832 000 usagers des plages durant le pic de la haute saison touristique. Même si ces estimations restent à consolider pour tendre vers une évaluation systémique de la fréquentation, elles sont inédites sur le littoral méditerranéen français, et amènent surtout à envisager différentes stratégies de planification.
Abstract. Since the major tsunami that occurred in 2004, many studies have dealt with the evacuations, hazard mapping and awareness-actions, rather than on the perceived tsunami risk nor on alert perceptions declared locally by the population. In this study, we analyzed a sample of 750 answers to a face-to-face questionnaire, gathered from residents or workers in 5 densely-urbanized municipalities (e.g., Bandol, Bastia, Cannes, Six-Fours-Les-Plages, Sanary-sur-Mer), likely to be hit by a tsunami and bordering the French Mediterranean basin. Results first confirmed the tendency to underestimate the tsunami risk, as only 15.6 % identify tsunami as a risk. However, 48.7 % declare they should take protective actions if they feel ground-shaking on the seafront, and even 65.3 % if they also see a anormal sea movement. In contrast, the efficacy of alerting tools and the actors who can alert them are overestimated, as 44.7 % of the respondents think they should be alerted by sirens and 11.7 % by SMS, while such tools are not systematically present and rarely cover tsunami evacuation zones. And only 29.4 % correctly identify the official alert senders: mayors or prefectures. In contrast, 55.7 % declare they go high ground if they receive such instructions in one Alert SMS. The age, gender, residency status or location of the respondents explain a few differences in the collected data. However, relationships between tsunami risk and alert perceptions appear statistically not corelated. All the knowledge produced in this study finally might help the municipalities further develop awareness-actions and information on the tsunami, and inform what strategy they may apply in a short future to better increase the tsunami preparedness.
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