BackgroundLeprosy is a leading cause of preventable disability worldwide. Delay in diagnosis of patients augments the transmission of infection, and allows progression of disease and more severe disability. Delays in diagnosis greater than ten years have been reported in Brazil. To reduce this delay, it is important to identify factors that hinder patients from presenting to doctors, and those that delay doctors from diagnosing patients once they have presented. This study aimed to explore factors associated with the delayed diagnosis of leprosy in Brazil.Methodology/ Principal FindingsThis is an exploratory study using a self-constructed questionnaire delivered to patients attending three leprosy referral clinics across three states in Brazil. Data were analysed to determine associations between variables and the time taken for participants to present to the health-service, and between variables and the time taken for doctors to diagnose participants once they had presented. Participants who suspected they had leprosy but feared community isolation were 10 times more likely to wait longer before consulting a doctor for their symptoms (OR 10.37, 95% CI 2.18–49.45, p = 0.003). Participants who thought their symptoms were not serious had a threefold greater chance of waiting longer before consulting than those who did (OR 3.114, 95% CI 1.235–7.856, p = 0.016). Forty-two point six per cent of participants reported initially receiving a diagnosis besides leprosy. These had a three times greater chance of receiving a later diagnosis of leprosy compared to those not misdiagnosed or not given a diagnosis (OR 2.867, 95% CI 1.288–6.384, p = 0.010).Conclusions/ SignificanceThis study implies a need for patient education regarding leprosy symptoms and the reduction of stigma to encourage patients to present. The high rate of misdiagnosis reported suggests a need to increase clinician suspicion of leprosy. Further education regarding disease symptoms in medical school curriculums may be advisable.
The findings suggest that racial discrimination exists in Brazilian society but its direct impact on healthcare access was felt to be less obvious. Instead, organisational level factors were felt to contribute to difficulty accessing care. Interviewees perceived that racial discrimination may affect the quality of care, particularly for those designated as 'black'. Socio-economic factors were felt to influence discrimination in healthcare. The findings can help inform further studies and educational initiatives to help address discrimination and access to healthcare in Brazil.
Na hanseníase, a presença de sintomas dermatoneurológicos com potencial evolução para incapacidades físicas pode comprometer a qualidade de vida (QV) e a imagem corporal do paciente. Objetivo: Avaliar as possíveis associações entre a QV, o Grau de Incapacidade (GI) e o Desenho da Figura Humana (DFH) em indivíduos com neuropatia hansênica. Método: Este estudo consiste em um estudo descritivo, com abordagem quanti-qualitativa. Foram utilizados quatro instrumentos de avaliação: Questionário sociodemográfico, NeuroQol (Neuropathy-Specific Quality of Life Questionnaire), DFH e Formulário de avaliação do GI. Foram incluídos pacientes com GI 1 ou 2 nos pés e idade igual ou superior a 18 anos. Resultados: Foram avaliados 100 indivíduos. Entre aqueles com GI 2, houve uma tendência à omissão do nariz (p=0,050) e DFH no tamanho pequeno (p=0,047). Houve associação entre o DFH e o domínio QV Sintomas difuso sensitivo-motores (p=0,035), sugerindo que a omissão dos pés no DFH pode representar perda da QV. Conclusão: Indivíduos com neuropatia hansênica apresentam QV boa à moderada. A omissão de segmentos do corpo pode indicar conflitos e sentimentos de insegurança. Há indícios de perda de autonomia quando o paciente omite ou corta os pés no DFH.
Na hanseníase, a presença de sintomas dermatoneurológicos com potencial evolução para incapacidades físicas pode comprometer a qualidade de vida (QV) e a imagem corporal do paciente. Objetivo: Avaliar as possíveis associações entre a QV, o Grau de Incapacidade (GI) e o Desenho da Figura Humana (DFH) em indivíduos com neuropatia hansênica. Método: Este estudo consiste em um estudo descritivo, com abordagem quanti-qualitativa. Foram utilizados quatro instrumentos de avaliação: Questionário sociodemográfico, NeuroQol (Neuropathy – Specific Quality of Life Questionnaire), DFH e Formulário de avaliação do GI. Foram incluídos pacientes com GI 1 ou 2 nos pés e idade igual ou superior a 18 anos. Resultados: Foram avaliados 100 indivíduos. Entre aqueles com GI 2, houve uma tendência à omissão do nariz (p=0,050) e DFH no tamanho pequeno (p=0,047). Houve associação entre o DFH e o domínio QV Sintomas difuso sensitivo-motores (p=0,035), sugerindo que a omissão dos pés no DFH pode representar perda da QV. Conclusão: Indivíduos com neuropatia hansênica apresentam QV boa à moderada. A omissão de segmentos do corpo pode indicar conflitos e sentimentos de insegurança. Há indícios de perda de autonomia quando o paciente omite ou corta os pés no DFH.
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