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The various components in the N 1s photoemission spectra of amorphous carbon nitride are identified by measuring their photon energy dependence and comparing the experimental results with ab initio multiple scattering calculations. The intensity modulations with photon energy are due to the extended x-ray absorption fine structure effects.

The low-temperature oxidation during deposition by evaporation of molybdenum thin films has been investigated. Analysis by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and x-ray diffraction reveals that small differences in the substrate temperature during deposition may give rise to important changes in the final composition and structure of the molybdenum oxide. Changes in binding energy and line shape of the Mo 3d 5/2 ϪMo 3d 3/2 doublet attributed to oxygen incorporation have been studied. Two principal steps can be distinguished, with a transition temperature of ϳ310°C. Up to substrate temperatures of ϳ310°C, the superficial Mo remains almost unaffected, with some oxygen dissolved. At ϳ310°C, mixing of Mo 0 metal and molybdenum oxide (Mo ␦ϩ 0Ͻ␦Ͻ4) clusters or islands is observed. Finally, above this temperature a surface layer of molybdenum oxide, Mo 6ϩ , is formed. In addition, an abrupt change in d 100 interplanar parameter of Mo is observed.

Recent research documents the interest toward the subject native and non-native English speaking teachers. Although studies have focused mainly on teachers (). The present study was conducted at a university in the French Brittany among 78 students of the License en LEA (Applied Foreign Languages Program). For this purpose, a survey was carried out and students were asked about their preferences in regards the type of teacher. Although the majority of students taking part in the study acknowledged preferring native English speaking teachers when asked in general, the results of the analysis in detail are not clear-cut.

The possible application of amorphous carbon nitride thin films to prevent the multipactor effect is discussed. The main difficulty lies in the increase of the secondary electron emission coefficient after air exposure. Adsorption processes on amorphous carbon nitride surfaces due to air exposure and subsequent changes due to thermal annealing have been studied by means of x-ray photoemission spectroscopy with the purpose of understanding the changes of secondary electron emission characteristics.