The mapping of cultural ecosystem services through online public participation GIS (PPGIS) has predominantly relied on geographic entities, such as points and polygons, to collect spatial data, regardless of their limitations. As the potential of online PPGIS to support planning and design keeps growing, so does the need for more knowledge about data quality and suitable geographic entities to collect data. Using the online PPGIS tool, "My Green Place," 449 respondents mapped cultural ecosystem services in Ghent by using all three geographic entities: point, polygon, and the novel "marker." The three geographic entities' accuracy was analyzed through a quadrat analysis, regressions against the collective truth, the Akaike information criterion, and a preference test based on the survey's outcomes. The results show that the point reflects the weakest the collective truth, especially for mapping dynamic cultural practices, and the marker reflects it the strongest. The polygon's performance compares to that of the marker's, albeit slightly weaker. The marker delivers a more nuanced image of the respondents' input, is simpler to use, and has less risk of spatial errors. Therefore, we suggest using the marker instead of the point and the polygon when collecting spatial data in future cultural ecosystem services research.

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The conservativeness of traditional scientific methods, which nevertheless still tend to dominate much of the (social) sustainability sciences, is challenged by technological progress when untested tools of research are proposed as innovative scientific methods. This is the case of online platforms. The knowledge creation process in the digital era, including forms of research communication, can be profoundly different from traditional research methods. We already know how digital tools may influence the performance of research methods, mainly by maximizing the efficiency of data collection and elaboration. However, the original and collaborative practices in which they can develop, as well as their possibilities towards more democratic and inclusive participation processes, remain an unexplored domain. This chapter is an attempt to include digital technologies, and particularly the case of online participatory platforms based on geographic information systems (GIS), in the array of creative and visual research methods.We discuss software packages and current online approaches, such as web apps and native apps (Klettner & Huang, 2011, Scholte et al., 2018). The exploration of the innovative opportunities offered by digital tools starts with a concise review of their application from an historical perspective and its progression until recent times. The review focuses mostly on the options that digital platforms offer to involve citizens in the co-creation of research studies by enabling peer-to-peer environments that may inspire democratic discussions. The adoption of different types of online platforms is then discussed, not only presenting their virtues but also their downsides. This takes the form of an open discussion between the two authors, informed by each critically reflecting on their first-hand practical experiences in adopting digital tools in their research.We are entering a new era, in which access to big data—through platforms using GIS—provides resources and power to bring to the table the silent majority that is often overlooked in decision-making processes. The many possibilities offered by this unprecedented access to information are yet to be tested. Whether digital platforms will turn out to be a solution for improving the inclusiveness of research studies or not will likely depend on the consciousness and motivations of the designers and developers of these tools.