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Several studies have suggested Indonesia to be among the top plastic polluting countries globally. Data on the presence and amounts of plastic pollution are required to help design effective plastic reduction and mitigation strategies. Research quantifying plastic pollution in Indonesia has picked up in recent years. However, a lack of central coordination in this research has led to research output with different goals, methods, and data formats. In this study we present a meta-analysis of studies published on plastic pollution in Indonesia to uncover gaps and biases in current research, and to use these insights to suggest ways to improve future research to fill these gaps. Research gaps and biases identified include a clear preference for marine research, and a bias toward certain environmental compartments within the marine, riverine, and terrestrial systems that have easy to apply methods. Units of measurement used to express results vary greatly between studies, making it difficult to compare data effectively. Nevertheless, we identify polypropylene (PP) and polyethylene variants (PE, HDPE, LDPE) to be among the most frequently found polymers in both macro- and microplastic pollution in Indonesia, though polymer identification is lacking in a large part of the studies. Plastic research is mostly done on Java (59% of the studies). We recommend research methods used to quantify plastic pollution to be harmonized. Moreover, we recommend a shift in focus of research toward the riverine and terrestrial environments and a shift of focus of environmental compartments analyzed within these systems, an increase in spatial coverage of research across Indonesia, and lastly, a larger focus on polymer characterization. With these changes we envision future research which can aid with the design of more effective and targeted reduction and mitigation strategies.

The Java Sea with a surface area about 467.000 km2, is located in the South East Sunda Shelf with the average of depth is 40 meters, affected by several phenomena, whether physical or meteorological. This research aims to analyze the characteristics of water masses in the Java Sea and its relationship with the periodicity of the monsoon and Indonesian Throughflow Water (ITF) phenomenon. Then analyze the exchange of water masses in the Java Sea. The data used are temperature and salinity to identify the characteristics of the water masses. Ocean currents data to identify ITF patterns and winds data to identify the monsoon patterns. The data used in 2015 from the Infrastructure Development of Space Oceanography (INDESO) sites with a resolution of 1/12°. The method used is a descriptive analysis of spatially and temporally. The results show that averaging seasonal found that southeast monsoon period salinity is higher (31-34 psu) than northwest monsoon period (29.5-33 psu), and southeast monsoon period temperature is lower (27-30.5°C) than northwest monsoon period (28.5-30.5°C). ITF phenomenon occurs in May through September and reaches its peak in June, July, and August. ITF strengthened in southeast monsoon and weakened in the northwest monsoon. ITF and monsoon have similar impacts on salinity and temperature in the Java Sea. The water masses in the Java Sea comes from the South China Sea and Makassar Strait. In the northwest monsoon, Java Sea filled by water masses of the South China Sea, while in the southeast monsoon phenomenon which coincides with ITF phenomenon, Java Sea water masses is filled by water masses from Makassar Strait. In the transition monsoon I and II, the Java Sea filled by the South China Sea and the Makassar Strait water masses.

Fitriadi CA, Dhahiyat Y, Purba NP, Harahap SA, Prihadi DJ. 2017. Coral larvae recruitment based on oceanography condition in Biawak Islands, West Java,. This research aimed to know the recruitment pattern of planula in the Biawak Island. The dispersion of planula and corals recruitment as an important factor to determine the distribution of the adult corals. The spawning and brooding are the beginning processes of planula dispersion. Dispersion factors are highly influenced by water environment factors. The main factor in planula dispersion is sea currents, wind, tide, and bathymetry. The circulation of sea currents on Biawak Islands waters is influenced by the tidal movement. The results of research showed that Biawak Islands waters have mixed tide prevailing semidiurnal type of tidal movement. Currents of Biawak Islands waters moved from the northern toward the southern with a range of speed between 0.045-0.075 m/s on northeast and south and for west and north range of speed of sea currents are between 0.015-0.195 m/s, the sea currents movement of Biawak Islands waters was dominated by tidal movement. Biawak Islands have varying wind speed, the most direction of wind moved to northwestern toward southeastern by predominance speed 4.8-7.2 m/s. The results of research showed that planula on the Biawak Island moved to northern and northeastern at high tide and then moved to southern and southeastern at a low ebb with the furthest movement of planula on the Biawak Island was 2.2 km. The furthest movement of planula on the Gosong Island was 1.66 km and planula dispersed to the east and west region of Gosong Island, on the Cendikia Island planula dispersed to northern and eastern with the furthest movement of planula on the Cendikia Island was 0.44 km. Based on the movement of planula can be concluded that source of coral reefs on the Gosong Island derived from the coral reefs on the Biawak Island.

The purpose of this research is to find areas that are potential to produce energy from ocean with different level. Approach used was by looking at the current technological capabilities and characteristics of the currents, winds, waves, and tides. This research developed four dynamic oceanographic, combining with technologies use Geographic Information System (GIS) approach. The results elucidated that for the larger currents in eastern Indonesia with velocity up to 3 m · s -1 . For the wind was in the south of Java, Papua, and West Sumatra. Tidal range that can be utilized in the area of Nusa Tenggara Timur, northern Sumatra and Papua had a height up to four meters. Waves were in the area directly facing the ocean, especially in the south of Java with a range of 1.4 m to 2.4 m. These results elucidated that Ocean Renewable Energy (ORE) in Indonesia can develop for one up to four farming in one place.