Problem statement: Similar to obese patients and type 2 diabetic patients, adiponectin levels are reduced in former Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) patients and are lower in GDM women during late pregnancy compared with pregnant control subjects matched for BMI. Diabetic insult at later stages in gestation, such as may occur in gestational diabetes, will foremost lead to shortterm changes in a variety of molecules for key functions including gene expression in the placenta. Approach: In this study we assessed the expression of adiponectin receptors in human placenta to identify the site (s) of expression and to clarify the effect of gestational diabetes in this expression. This study was carried on 10 normoglycemic pregnant women and 20 GDM women. The placental tissue was collected immediately after delivery and tissue biopsies were taken from both fetal and maternal sides of each placenta. One step-RT-PCR for ADIPOR1 and ADIPOR2 was done by Real Time PCR using Syber Green technique. Relative quantification of mRNA of the ADIPOR1 and ADIPOR2 genes was measured using ABI7900 Real Time machine. Results: Both types of Adiponectin Receptors (ADIPOR1 and ADIPOR2) are expressed in human placenta. ADIPOR1 is more highly expressed than ADIPOR2 in both fetal and maternal sides of GDM cases and normal pregnant women. ADIPOR1 mRNA expression was significantly up regulated in GDM women compared to normal pregnant women, whereas no significant difference in the expression of ADIPOR2 was detected between the two groups. There was no evidence of maternal-fetal side difference in the expression of adiponectin receptors in GDM cases but in normal pregnant women there is a statistically significant difference between both sides in the expression of both ADIPOR1 and ADIPOR2. Conclusion: We concluded that adiponectin plays an important role in mediation the glucose metabolism in fetal tissues through its receptors, mainly Adiponectin Receptor 1 (ADIPOR1).

Problem statement: Hepatocellular carcinoma will emerge as a major form of malignancy in the coming decades. The continuing high incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma, suggests that this disease will continue to represent a global health problem far into the future. Different genes encode for the various components of the human telomerase complex. These components include the human Telomerase RNA Component (hTERC) and the Telomerase Catalytic Subunit (hTERT). Correlation between Telomerase Reverse Transcriptase (hTERT) expression and telomerase activity has been reported in cancer patients. This work aimed to clarify the significance of human Telomerase Reverse Transcriptase (hTERT mRNA) as a potential molecular tumor marker for Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC). Approach: The current study included 25 patients of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), 30 patients with liver cirrhosis and 25 age and sex matched individuals with normal laboratory and Image findings as a control group. hTERT mRNA was measured in plasma by Real time PCR in all patients samples in comparison with normal healthy controls. Results: The expression of hTERT mRNA by relative unit was 129.10±27.6 with range (67.72-69.6) Vs 5245.87±2382.48 (2053-12232.90) Vs 92782.76±16158 (61783.25-118596.47) for control Vs cirrhosis Vs HCC group respectively. The hTERT expression was significantly with 699 and 33 fold increase in HCC and cirrhosis groups correspondingly when compared to that of controls p<0.05. Conclusion: It was suggested that this procedure was highly discriminating between healthy subjects and cancer patients and strongly support the idea that a valuable diagnostic test for cancer might be developed using this genetic marker in plasma. However it needs to be combined with other markers in future studies to be more specific for liver cancer.