Introduction: the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) along with the posterior cruciate ligament are the central stabilizers of the knee. Rupture of the ACL usually occurs in active and young people. For a correct diagnosis it is necessary a good clinical history, examination and a complementary study. The literature recommends surgical treatment in athletes and young people. Objective: to detail current information related to anterior cruciate ligament injury, embryology, anatomy, biomechanics, incidence, risk factors, diagnosis, management, approach and treatment of the disease. Methodology: a total of 72 articles were analyzed in this review, including review and original articles, as well as clinical cases, of which 46 bibliographies were used because the other articles were not relevant to this study. The sources of information were PubMed, Google Scholar, SciELO and Cochrane; the terms used to search for information in Spanish, Portuguese, German and English were: ACL, anterior cruciate ligament, anterior cruciate ligament, Vordere Kreuzband. Results: ACL deficiency not only causes instability episodes but also changes in joint mechanics that may lead to degenerative changes. Meniscal lesions are linked to 50% of these injuries. The Lachman test is the most accurate clinical diagnostic test, with a reported combined sensitivity of 85% and specificity of 94%. The anterior drawer test has high sensitivity and specificity for chronic ACL tears (92% sensitivity and 91% specificity), but lower accuracy for acute cases. In MRI, the following statistics were found in patients with acute ACL injuries in several studies: specificity 98-100% and sensitivity 94%. Conclusions: The ACL is a specialized band of connective tissue located in the knee joint that joins the tibia and femur. It consists primarily of collagen fibers, making up 70% of its dry weight.Variation in the anatomy of the intercondylar groove of the distal femur is a factor that appears to be related to an increased risk of ACL injury. ACL injuries are rarely diagnosed with an MRI, but in some circumstances, such as a meniscal tear or bone contusion, this test may be useful. The decision on the course of treatment for a patient with an ACL injury depends on a number of variables. Surgical reconstruction in anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tears has proven to be a very effective technique that usually provides satisfactory results. Patients with ACL insufficiency may receive conservative treatment, which may involve activity modification, rehabilitation, and sometimes bracing. Proprioception and strength deficits should be taken into account when designing rehabilitation programs for knees with ACL insufficiency. KEY WORDS: ligament, anterior cruciate, ACL, rupture.

Introduction: Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS), also called median wrist mononeuropathy, is the most frequent nerve compression syndrome reaching up to 90%. Objective: To detail the current information related to carpal tunnel syndrome and its management, as well as to analyze the conservative and surgical treatment of this disease. Methodology: A total of 27 articles were analyzed in this review, including review and original articles, as well as clinical cases, of which 18 bibliographies were used because the other 9 articles were not relevant to this study. The sources of information were PubMed, Google Scholar and Cochrane; the terms used to search for information in Spanish, Portuguese and English were: túnel carpiano, síndrome do túnel do carpo e AINEs, carpal tunnel syndrome, treatment in patients with carpal tunnel syndrome and corticoids in carpal tunnel. Results: Wrist flexion and extension increase pressure in the carpal canal, leading to the following symptoms: pain, numbness and paresthesia. Corticosteroid injections are recommended in mild to moderate carpal tunnel syndrome. Endoscopic carpal tunnel release has less postoperative pain, earlier recovery in grip and pinch strength, compared to open release. Postoperative complications are infrequent and most are minimal and transient. Conclusions: Carpal tunnel syndrome is the oppression of the median nerve at the level of the wrist joint, which may be accompanied with limitation in epineural and axoplasmic blood flow, leading to nerve dysfunction, edema, and scarring. The diagnosis of carpal tunnel syndrome has been made through a mixture of clinical history and physical examination maneuvers, however, the use of ultrasound and electrodiagnostic tests is now being supported. There are conservative and surgical treatments, among which evidence shows that steroid injection and carpal tunnel release are effective and present good treatment results. KEY WORDS: Syndrome, tunnel, carpal, mononeuropathy

Introduction: fractures of the fifth metatarsal have various forms of treatment, depending on the type of injury and the person who suffered it. They have great importance and frequency in athletes. They usually occur due to different trauma mechanisms. They were first described in 1902. They are the most prevalent metatarsal fractures and need to be recognized and treated in a timely and appropriate manner. Objective: to detail the current information related to the fifth metatarsal fracture, classification, description, treatment, recovery time as well as the different surgical techniques. Methodology: a total of 29 articles were analyzed in this review, including review and original articles, as well as clinical cases, of which 19 bibliographies were used because the other 10 articles were not relevant for this study. The sources of information were PubMed, Google Scholar and Cochrane; the terms used to search for information in Spanish, Portuguese and English were: fractura de pie, 5th metatarsal fracture, Jones fracture. Fracture of the fifth metatarsal, fratura do quinto metatarso. Results: the anatomical division system of Lawrence and Bottle is still used. CT and MRI could be considered in the case of delayed healing, stress fracture with normal radiographs or in nonunion. Surgical options include intramedullary screw fixation, bone grafting procedures or a combination of both. Surgical treatment of fractures of the base of the fifth metatarsal in professional athletes offers good clinical results. Conclusions: Regarding the current information related to the fracture of the fifth metatarsal, we note the importance of classification, clinical and social history of the patient, for the appropriate choice of treatment, both conservative and surgical. As for the recovery time in conservative treatment varies depending on the affected area. In delayed union or nonunion, surgical intervention should be performed.

Introduction: Ankle fractures are usually frequent in emergency departments worldwide, with an incidence of 187/100,000 inhabitants per year. Especially the type B fracture according to Webers classification, which may lead to long-term osteoarthritis in approximately 14%. It is essential to recognize that stability in the ankle joint is the fundamental pillar in the correct treatment strategies in ankle trauma. Objective: to describe current information related to ankle bone fractures, etiology, anatomy, epidemiology, mechanism of action, presentation, classification, evaluation, prognosis, treatment and complications of ankle fractures. Methodology: a total of 38 articles were analyzed in this review, including review and original articles, as well as clinical cases, of which 26 bibliographies were used because the other articles were not relevant to this study. The sources of information were PubMed, Google Scholar and Cochrane; the terms used to search for information in Spanish, Portuguese and English were: ankle fracture, fractura do tornozelo, ankle, tibia, fibula, ankle fracture. Results: Bimalleolar ankle fractures occur in a quarter of the patients and trimalleolar fractures in the remaining 5% to 10%. The incidence of ankle fractures is close to 187 per 100,000 inhabitants per year. Open fractures are infrequent, representing only 2 % of all fractures of the ankle joint. In children, these injuries are also frequent, occupying the second place after hand and wrist injuries, especially in those between 10 and 15 years of age. Likewise, pediatric ankle fractures occur in a 2:1 male to female ratio, representing 5% of all fractures in children and approximately 9% to 18% of all fissure injuries. Conclusions: the ankle joint is complex, in gynglimus, formed by the fibula, the tibia and the talus and also deeply related to the ligamentous complexes. The bony anatomy that provides stability is formed by the distal part of the tibia and fibula, its articulation with the talus and with each other. Generally ankle fractures are caused by different trauma mechanisms such as impact, twisting and crushing injuries. Ankle injury depends on several factors such as mechanism, chronicity, bone quality, patients age, magnitude, direction, impact velocity and foot position. A complete and comprehensive medical history is essential in the medical evaluation. X-rays are the first-line adjunctive tests that aid in the evaluation of an injury that impacts the ankle. The classification system is important for the treatment decision. The treatment of fractures of the ankle bones can be performed conservatively or surgically, depending on certain criteria, and immobilization should be performed afterwards to reduce the risk of complications. It is essential to follow the ATLS scheme in order to define and manage any alteration that may be life-threatening for the patient. Ankle fracture-dislocation requires urgent manipulation to recover the ankle mortise. KEY WORDS: fracture, ankle, tibia, fibula, bones.

Introduction: Von Hippel-Lindau disease (VHL) is autosomal dominant tumor syndrome that debuts mostly in young adults , patients with this disease are linked to the triggering of various types of benign and malignant neoplasms in multiple locations, systems and organs, in particular affecting more the nervous system and other internal organs. Approximately this tumor syndrome shows an incidence rate of 1 in 36,000 live births with a penetrance greater than 90%. The molecular basis of VHL disease is the impairment of VHL protein function and the consequent clustering of hypoxia-inducible factors with subsequent consequences on cell differentiation and metabolism. Objective: to present current information related to Von Hippel-Lindau disease, description, genetics, molecular basis, classification and manifestations of the disease. Methodology: a total of 33 articles were analyzed in this review, including review and original articles, as well as clinical cases, of which 26 bibliographies were used because the other articles were not relevant to this study. The sources of information were PubMed, Google Scholar and Cochrane; the terms used to search for information in Spanish, Portuguese and English were: Von Hippel-Lindau, VHL, tumor suppressor gene, pheochromocytoma, hemangioblastomas. Results: VHL has an incidence of approximately 1 in 36,000 live births, with a penetrance of over 90%. These present tumors are initiated by inactivation of biallelic VHL and are related to pathologic activation of hypoxic gene response pathways. Conclusions: Von Hippel-Lindau disease is an autosomal dominant disorder that is generated by mutations in the VHL tumor suppressor gene. Within the field intrafamilial variation may evidence correctly shaped genotype-phenotype connections for renal cancer and pheochromocytoma risks. Visceral cysts (renal, pancreatic and epididymal) are frequent, however organ function involvement is rare. They usually occur with hemangioblastomas of the central nervous system and retina, as well as renal cancers. Unusually it includes non-functioning pancreatic endocrine cancers, adrenal and extra-adrenal pheochromocytomas, endolymphatic sac tumors, as well as head and neck paragangliomas. KEYWORDS: Von Hippel-Lindau, VHL, gene, suppressor, tumor, pheochromocytoma, hemangioblastomas