The responses of native plants to competition with invasive plants depend mainly on the density of the invasive plants and on the ability of the native plants to compete for resources. In this study, we tested the influence of the invasive exotic Urochloa arrecta (Poaceae) on the early colonization of two native species (Pontederia cordata and Leersia hexandra) of aquatic macrophytes. Our hypotheses were (i) the competitive effects of U. arrecta on the native species P. cordata and L. hexandra are density-dependent and that (ii) these species respond differently to competitive interactions with the invasive species. We conducted the experiments in a greenhouse and in the field, in a tropical reservoir. The biomass of U. arrecta (ranging from 206.2 to 447.1 g) was manipulated in the greenhouse in trays with different densities. After the establishment of the invasive species, we added P. cordata and L. hexandra propagules to each tray. In the field, a propagule of P. cordata was planted in 36 sites with different densities of U. arrecta. The biomass and length of the natives and the biomass of the invasive species were measured in the greenhouse and in the field experiments. The biomass and length of the native plants decreased with increasing biomass of the exotic species in both experiments, showing that the competition between U. arrecta and native species depends on the density of the exotic species. The root:shoot ratio of L. hexandra decreased with increasing U. arrecta biomass, but the opposite occurred for P. cordata. These results indicate that native species exhibit different strategies of biomass allocation when interacting with U. arrecta. The strong competitive effects of U. arrecta and the different responses of the native species help to explain the reduced diversity of native macrophytes observed in sites colonized by U. arrecta. The results also suggest that in a scenario of dominance of exotic species, recolonization by native macrophytes is unlike to occur naturally and without human interventions that reduce the biomass of the exotic species.

Aquatic macrophytes colonize a variety of environments, and they play important roles in ecosystem function and in community structure. One key challenge for aquatic ecologists is to investigate the environmental factors that drive the richness and distribution of these plants. In this study, we assessed the importance of selected morphometric variables and of the canopy openness of the riparian vegetation to explain macrophyte species richness and composition. We sampled macrophytes along gradients of depth, littoral slope, distance from the connection with the river, and canopy openness in floodplain lakes connected with the Upper Paraná River. We used quadrats to survey a total of 40 sites in 11 lakes. We recorded 31 macrophyte species and found that macrophyte richness was best and positively correlated with canopy openness. This correlation suggests that canopy openness plays an important role as an environmental filter, regulating the amount of light availability for macrophytes. Macrophyte species composition was best correlated with depth, indicating that zonation of macrophyte species also occurs in these shallow lakes. These findings emphasize the importance of morphometric variables and canopy openness for structuring macrophyte assemblages. In addition, our results suggest that canopy openness and depth may be considered in management strategies aiming to recover macrophyte diversity and the processes mediated by aquatic macrophytes in small and shallow floodplain lakes.

A growing body of evidence has shown that biological invasions cause shifts in species composition of communities in space and time. Although biological invasions are considered a major driver of biotic homogenisation worldwide, most previous studies were conducted at small spatial scales and over short time periods, which may have underestimated the impacts of exotic species on native communities. Using a unique dataset of aquatic plants sampled in 235 sites over 12 years (2007–2010 and 2015–2019) in a large reservoir (Itaipu Reservoir; 1350 km2), we analysed how the invasion of a non‐native grass Urochloa arrecta affects the species richness, ecological uniqueness (i.e. local contribution to beta diversity—LCBD) and temporal β–diversity of native plant communities. From 3934 surveyed plant communities, U. arrecta was recorded in 2888 samples and it was absent from 1046 samples. Overall, species richness and ecological uniqueness of native plant communities were markedly lower in sites invaded than non‐invaded by U. arrecta. From 2007 to 2019, the ecological uniqueness of native plants was 60% lower in the invaded than non‐invaded sites. Whereas in invaded sites species loss was the dominant process driving native communities over time, in non‐invaded sites gain of new native species was the primary process underlying community trajectories. Moreover, comparing native plant communities before and after the invasion of U. arrecta, species richness, ecological uniqueness and species gains of native plant communities decreased, whereas species losses increased after the invasion of U. arrecta. Finally, the positive relationship between native biodiversity and precipitation was stronger in non‐invaded than invaded sites. Synthesis. Our findings provide comprehensive evidence that an invasive plant is decreasing the spatial and temporal β–diversity of native plant communities through declining species richness, rather than simply correlating with them. This suggests that U. arrecta is driving native plants to become less diverse and homogeneous after the invasion, both spatially and temporally. Our findings illustrate that at broad scales, aquatic plant communities may become increasingly homogeneous with the increasing number of biological invasion events taking place worldwide.

Aim Viability and successful colonization of propagules by an invasive species may depend on several factors, such as parental plant size and propagules’ fresh mass. Here, we tested (i) the effects of propagules’ origin (from large and small parental plants); (ii) the position in the parental stem (apical, intermediate and basal) on the early development of the new sprouts of Urochloa arrecta; and (iii) if the regeneration success of U. arrecta was related with propagule fresh mass that comes from large or small parental plants. Methods We selected 16 individuals of U. arrecta and separated them in two groups: (i) eight “large” (stem ± 1.5 m) and (ii) eight “small” (stem ± 0.6 m). For each individual, we cut three fragments with two nodes (considered as the “propagule”) from the apical, intermediate and basal portions of the stem and we measured the fresh mass (g), length (cm) and distance between the two nodes (cm) of all propagules of U. arrecta. In addition, after the experimentation, we measured the dry mass (g) and length (cm) of each new sprout of U. arrecta generated from each propagule. Results We found that large parental individuals produced sprouts with longer length and greater dry mass. In contrast, the position in the parental stem did not significant influence the development of sprouts in U. arrecta. In addition, the propagule fresh mass played a role in the development of sprouts just for propagules from small parental plants. Conclusions We found that the size of the parental individual is an important determinant of the development of new sprouts of this invasive species and the propagule fresh mass has a positive and significant influence in the success of U. arrecta only for propagules from smaller parental plants. We highlight that all propagules were viable, which could explain the reasons for this plant to be a successful invader.

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