Evaluations of genetic diversity in domestic livestock populations are necessary to implement region-specific conservation measures. We determined the genetic diversity and evolutionary relationships among eight geographically and phenotypically diverse cattle breeds indigenous to west-central India by genotyping these animals for 22 microsatellite loci. A total of 326 alleles were detected, and the expected heterozygosity ranged from 0.614 (Kenkatha) to 0.701 (Dangi). The mean number of alleles among the cattle breeds ranged from 7.182 (Khillar) to 9.409 (Gaolao). There were abundant genetic variations displayed within breeds, and the genetic differentiation was also high between the Indian cattle breeds, which displayed 15.9% of the total genetic differentiation among the different breeds. The genetic differentiation (pairwise FST ) among the eight Indian breeds varied from 0.0126 for the Kankrej-Malvi pair to 0.2667 for Khillar-Kenkatha pair. The phylogeny, principal components analysis, and structure analysis further supported close grouping of Kankrej, Malvi, Nimari and Gir; Gaolao and Kenkatha, whereas Dangi and Khillar remained at distance from other breeds.

Field experiments were carried out during 1997 to 2007 at B. A. College of Agriculture, Anand with two dates of sowing (D1 : Onset of south-west monsoon and D2 : 15 days after onset of south-west monsoon), two cultivars (Robut 33-1 and GG-2) and two irrigation regimes (I1 : Rainfed and I2 : Irrigation at 50% ASM) for assessing the impact of weather parameters on pod yield of kharif groundnut. Results revealed that groundnut crop sown at the onset of monsoon performed better than late sown crop sown 15 days after onset of monsoon rain and on an average, the early sowing gave 21.4% higher pod yield. Robut 33-1 produced more pod yield than the local variety GG-2 in most of the years and on an average, Robut 33-1 yielded 21.6% higher pod yield. During the years of dry spells, irrigations applied at 50% ASM (I2) recorded greater pod yield than the crop grown under rainfed condition (I1). In case of crop sown at onset of monsoon, mean temperature during pod development phase showed significant positive correlation with pod yield, whereas in second sowing crop, minimum temperature at 50% pod development phase and sunshine hours at pod development phase also had significant positive correlation with pod yield. Regression models developed were able to account for 38% variation in pod yield in crop sown at onset of monsoon (D1) and 85 to 92% variation in crop sown 15 days afteronset of monsoon (D2).

BACKGROUND:Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) is comprised of a highly polymorphic set of genes which determines the histocompatibility of organ transplantation. The present study was undertaken to identify HLA class I and class II allele, genotype and haplotype frequencies in renal transplant recipients and donors from West Central India.MATERIALS AND METHODS:HLA typing was carried out using Polymerase Chain Reaction-Sequence Specific Primer in 552 live related and unrelated renal transplant recipients and donors.RESULTS:The most frequent HLA class I and class II alleles and their frequencies in recipients were HLA-AFNx0101 (0.1685) and AFNx0102 (0.1649), HLA-BFNx0135 (0.1322), and HLA-DR beta 1 (DRB 1)FNx0115 (0.2192), whereas in donors, these were HLA-AFNx0102 (0.1848) and AFNx0101 (0.1667), HLA-BFNx0135 (0.1359), and HLA-DRB1FNx0115 (0.2409). The two-locus haplotype statistical analysis revealed HLA-AFNx0102-B61 as the most common haplotype with the frequency of 0.0487 and 0.0510 in recipients and donors, respectively. Further, among the three locus haplotypes HLA-AFNx0133-BFNx0144-DRB1FNx0107 and HLA-AFNx0102-BFNx0161-DRB1FNx0115 were the most common haplotypes with frequencies 0.0362 and 0.0326, respectively in recipients and 0.0236 and 0.0323, respectively in donors. Genotype frequency revealed a high prevalence of genotype HLA-AFNx0102/AFNx0124 in recipients (0.058) compared to donors (0.0109) whereas low prevalence of HLA-AFNx0101/AFNx0102 in recipients (0.0435) than in donors (0.0797). The phylogenetic and principal component analysis of HLA allele and haplotype frequency distribution revealed genetic similarities of various ethnic groups. Further, case control analysis provides preliminary evidence of association of HLA-A genotype (P < 0.05) with renal failure.CONCLUSION:This study will be helpful in suitable donor search besides providing valuable information for population genetics and HLA disease association analysis.

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