Heritage trails are an effective way to preserve cultural sustainability. Nowadays, heritage trails have been widely developed as tourism products either domestically or abroad. Megalithic stones are an ancient tradition of high value that has interesting functions and backgrounds. Moderni-zation with infrastutural development, and changes in religion in society have caused the mega-lithic stone tradition to be less practiced and increasingly declining. One of the effective ways to preserve megalithic stones from further decline is by building heritage trails as a tourism product. Many megalithic stones are located in sloping areas. In this study, least-cost path analysis (LCPA) in GIS applications was used to identify cost-effective and sloping routes to produce heritage trails. Study data were obtained from fieldwork in Tambunan. The benefits of this study provide ex-posure to the outside world about the megalithic stone tradition, and determine the appropriate routes to develop heritage trails in the District, and assist in the economy of the local population.

Ethnography is a study of languages, systems of technology, economic, social organisations, knowledge, arts, and religion. Ethnographic features are essential to be preserved for peace, a stable way of life and conserving resources and the environment. The study of ethnography in society is necessary to maintain the tradition's legacy so that future generations can practice their ancestral heritage. Recently, the needs of GIS in the ethnographic mapping field are increasing as it has its effectiveness in this field. This study was carried out to map the locations related to the ethnography of Kadazan Dusun community in Sabah, Malaysia, in spatial form using GIS application. The research data was then analysed using migration density flow map with XY To Line technique, and then density pattern was conducted using an overlay technique. The findings of this study are expected to provide exposure to the community, especially the Kadazan Dusun regarding the dissemination of ethnographic features and areas with a high ethnographic density among the Kadazan Dusun community in Tambunan. Hence it will be used as a guide to the relevant parties to perform activities of preserving the traditional heritage of the Kadazan Dusun community in Tambunan.

Pelancongan luar bandar bukan sahaja menyumbang kepada pendapatan negara, malah turut menyumbang kepada sumber pendapatan penduduk tempatan. Oleh itu, pelancongan luar bandar perlu diperbanyakkan lagi, terutamanya di negara sedang membangun seperti Malaysia. Walau bagaimanapun, aktiviti pelancongan sebaik-baiknya dijalankan secara lestari untuk mengurangkan kesannya kepada alam sekitar dan juga manusia. Salah satu pelancongan luar bandar yang popular pada masa kini ialah pelancongan berasaskan warisan khususnya jejak warisan batu megalitik. Pelancongan ini telah lama terkenal di luar negara. Oleh itu, pelancongan warisan ini berpotensi untuk menjadi daya tarikan kepada pelancong yang meminati warisan budaya. Kajian ini menghasilkan satu peta jejak warisan batu megalitik sebagai pelancongan lestari luar bandar di Tambunan, Sabah. Kajian ini menggunakan data kerja lapangan yang dijalankan di Tambunan. Peta jejak warisan dihasilkan dengan menggunakan kaedah analisis GIS iaitu analisis Kernel density, analisis penimbalan dan analisis kos laluan terendah (LCPA). Akhirnya, sebuah jejak warisan batu megalitik yang tidak terlalu jauh dan dekat untuk dilalui dihasilkan. Peta jejak warisan ini boleh menjadi panduan kepada pihak pengusaha pelancongan untuk mengembangkan pelancongan di Tambunan. Kajian ini menyumbang kepada pemeliharaan batu megalitik di Tambunan agar tidak pupus.   Rural tourism not only contributes to the national income but also contributes to the income of locals. Therefore, rural tourism needs to be increased, especially in developing countries such as Malaysia. However, tourism activities should be carried out sustainably to reduce its impact on the environment as well as human beings. One of the popular rural tourism nowadays is heritage tourism, especially the megalithic stone heritage trail. This tourism has been popular abroad. Therefore, this heritage tourism has the potential to be an attraction to tourists who are interested in cultural heritage. The output of this study is a megalithic stone heritage trail map for rural sustainable tourism in Tambunan, Sabah. The data used for this study obtained from the fieldwork which is conducted in Tambunan. Heritage trail maps are produced using GIS analysis methods which included Kernel density analysis, buffer analysis and least-cost path analysis (LCPA). Finally, a megalithic stone heritage trail that is not too far and close was produced. This heritage trail map can be a guide for tour operators to develop tourism in Tambunan. This study contributes to the preservation of megalithic stones in Tambunan so that they do not become extinct.

The campus radio in Malaysia usually established for educational purpose which is important for the student’s development in soft skills. Unfortunately, some campus radio is regarded as not popular and irrelevant due to the emergence of the Internet. Thus, this leads to low utilization of campus radio among students and the public. Although, there are listeners to the campus radio but it is difficult to identify the distribution pattern especially the location of the listeners. Therefore, this study was conducted using spatial analysis to determine the distribution pattern of radio listeners specifically towards campus radio in Universiti Malaysia Sabah (UMS) KKFM. The study was based on the perceptions of the respondents reside around the area of UMS with distance within 15km. Techniques such as interpolation, hotspot and geographic distribution measurement were applied in this study using ArcGIS software. Based on the result, the spatial pattern shows that the public and those reside far from UMS are among the regular listeners of the campus radio. Finally, the outcome of this study indicates that the campus radio is still relevant specifically for certain programmes. This study is important for service improvement and to achieve sustainability of the campus radio.

Perintah Kawalan Pergerakan (PKP) telah diisytiharkan di Malaysia pada 17 Mac 2020 untuk memutuskan rantai wabak COVID-19. Sejak saat itu, tidak ada vaksin yang dibuat untuk menyembuhkan penyakit. Oleh itu, PKP adalah kaedah terbaik yang dilaksanakan oleh banyak negara untuk meminimumkan atau membasmi penyakit ini. COVID-19 adalah penyakit berjangkit yang mudah dijangkiti oleh orang lain melalui sentuhan, mulut, hidung dan mata. Oleh itu, penjarakan fizikal antara satu sama lain mesti diamalkan dan tempat yang sesak mesti dielakkan. Walau bagaimanapun, orang ramai cenderung melanggar peraturan PKP dan jarak fizikal. Hal ini terbukti berdasarkan catatan dari fasa 1 hingga fasa 5 PKP di Malaysia. Bilangan kes positif COVID-19 menurun semasa fasa awal PKP tetapi mendapat daya tarikan pada fasa 4 dan 5. Pada masa yang sama, jumlah tenaga kerja di pihak berkuasa terhad dan sukar bagi mereka untuk memantau di semua tempat. Faktor geografi dan jaraknya juga merupakan beberapa cabaran yang harus dihadapi untuk memastikan rakyat mengikuti peraturan PKP. Tujuan kajian ini adalah untuk menganalisis taburan spatial faktor lokasi yang sering dikunjungi orang ramai dengan bantuan analisis spatial melalui Sistem Maklumat Geografi (GIS). Dengan menggunakan teknik pertindanan dan Kernel density dari kaedah analisis spatial, kajian ini kemudian dapat menghasilkan peta kepadatan risiko COVID-19 yang berpotensi. Selepas itu, kajian ini dapat mengenal pasti kawasan potensi risiko COVID-19 dan mengesahkannya dengan lokasi terkini kes positif di daerah Kota Kinabalu, Sabah. Melalui hasil kajian, walaupun tidak mencapai ketepatan yang dikehendaki tetapi ia masih boleh dijadikan sebagai salah satu panduan kepada pihak berkuasa untuk mengawal kawasan yang terlibat. Akhir sekali, penemuan kajian ini sesuai untuk pihak berkuasa bertindak dan memfokuskan kawasan berisiko tinggi penyebaran COVID-19.   Movement Control Order (MCO) has been declared in Malaysia on 17th Mac 2020 to break the chain of the COVID-19 pandemic. Since at that time, no vaccine was made to cure the disease, therefore, the MCO was the best method implemented by many countries to minimize or eradicate the disease. COVID-19 is a contagious disease that can be easily contracted to others based on touch, mouth, nose, and eye. Thus, physical distance from each other must be applied and crowded places must be avoided. However, people tend to violate the MCO ruling and the physical distance. This was evident based on the record from phase 1 to phase 5 of MCO in Malaysia. The number of COVID-19 positive cases were decreased during the early phase of MCO but gain traction in phase 4 and 5. At the same time, the number of manpower in the authority is limited and it was difficult for them to monitor in all places. The geographical factors and the distance were also some of the challenges that they must face to make sure the people follow the MCO ruling. The aim of this study is to analyze the spatial distribution of the location factors that the people frequently visited with the help of spatial analysis through Geographic Information System (GIS). By using the Kernel density and overlay technique from the spatial analysis method, this study could then produce a density map of potential COVID-19 risk. Subsequently, this study manages to identify the area of potential risk of COVID-19 that can be contracted and validate it with the current location of the positive cases in Kota Kinabalu district of Sabah. Although some places unable to show the desired result but it still good enough as one of the guidance for the relevant authorities to take action. Lastly, the findings of this study are suitable for the authorities to act and mainly focused the high-risk area of COVID-19 spreading.