Objective: To determine the spectrum of cyanotic congenital heart disease (CCHD) in full term neonates attending paediatric cardiology clinic of a tertiary cardiac care centre. Study Design: Descriptive Cross-sectional study. Setting: Department of Paediatric Cardiology, Faisalabad Institute of Cardiology (FIC), Faisalabad. Period: January 2021 to June 2021. Material & Methods: All full term newborn of any gender with age range from day one to twenty eight days, presenting in emergency or out patient department of the institute and diagnosed as a case of CCHD at Faisalabad Institute of Cardiology on the basis of echocardiography were included in the study.The leading or main anatomical diagnosis of hemodynamically significance was adopted. The spectrum of CCHD was assessed by descriptive analysis. Results: A total of 87 patients were enrolled. Mean age was 15.7±7.98 days. There were 55.2% (n=48) male and 44.8% female (n=39) patients. Majority of patients (62.1%) presented as an emergency. Most CCHDs were of decreased pulmonary blood flow (69%, n=60). Tetralogy of Fallot was the most common CCHD seen in 25.3% neonates (n=22) followed by Transposition of great arteries (23%, n=20) and pulmonary atresia (18.4%, n=16). Ebstein anomaly of tricuspid valve was the least common CCHD (2.3%). Conclusion: Tetralogy of Fallot is the most common cyanotic congenital heart disease followed by TGA while Ebstein anomaly is the least common.

Bacteremia is the presence of viable bacteria in the circulating blood. Bacteremia is diagnosed by blood culture. Yale Observation Scale (YOS) is a scale consisting of six observational items originally and is validated in young febrile children to detect serious illness. If YOS found to be highly accurate, it will help us to design a protocol for early screening and diagnosis of bacteremia in infants so that patient’s morbidity and mortality can be minimized by early treatment. Objectives: To determine the diagnostic accuracy of Yale Observation Scale (YOS) for diagnosing bacteremia, taking blood culture as gold standard. Study Design: Cross-Sectional Validation study. Setting: Department of Pediatrics, D.H.Q Hospital, Faisalabad. Period: 26th May, 2016 to 25th November, 2016. Material & Methods: One hundred and five patients suffering from fever>38 0C, having age from 3-36 months were included in the study. Patients already taking antibiotics, immune compromised, patients with signs and symptoms of malaria or viral infections were excluded. YOS was calculated and blood culture was performed in all patients to diagnose bacteremia. Results: Out of 105 patients, mean age was 12.9±8.24 months. There were 55(52.4%) male and 50(47.6%) female patients. Sensitivity of YOS in diagnosing bacteremia was 90.63%, specificity 79.45%, PPV 65.91%, NPV 95.08% and diagnostic accuracy was 82.86%. Conclusion: YOS can be used as a key diagnostic tool in detecting bacteremia. So, by using this tool many cases in the rural areas can be diagnosed and managed early.