Nowadays, corner detection algorithms have been proposed by several researchers who described them contrarily, depending on their respective viewpoints to obtain the data and information as a human eye does. Basically, no researchers have come up with a technique to compare corner detectors with another’s. Thus, this study proposed to adapt the confusion matrix technique as a performance measure for corner detectors. The judgement accuracy of every corner detector will only be pleased if the actual corner points are already known. Therefore, this study is attracted to explore the accuracy of corner detectors, namely the Global and Local Curvature Scale space (GLCSS), Affine Resilient Curvature Scale Space (ARCSS), and Harris. These corner detectors were analysed using the nine characters selected from Jawi, Chinese, and Tamil characters, three characters each, respectively. This study specifically detected the true corners for these characters using the determined corner detectors. The actual corner of all these characters was confirmed through a survey of twenty respondents. The majority of marked corners by respondents were considered actual corner points. Then, the input image for all characters was converted into a grayscale image. Every image will undergo pre-processing step, the process of boundary extraction using Canny edge detector. Thus, the edge image was extracted to get the corner point by applying the corner detectors, and the corner point detected was marked on that image. Above and beyond, the study aims to introduce a confusion matrix approach as a performance measure to carry out the most outstanding algorithm in detecting the true corner points for all the tested characters. From the evaluation, GLCSS and Harris algorithms have shown good accuracy. Henceforth, the study is not trying to judge the goodness of each corner detector but only to introduce confusion matrix as a tool that can be considered to measure the performance of the corner detector.

The application of heat treatment was introduced in Ni-YSZ composite coating as the incorporation of ceramic YSZ in electroless nickel deposition is new and worth investigating. In this paper, the influence of heat treatment by varying the heating temperature and time on the electroless Ni-YSZ composite coating is investigated. The Ni-YSZ composite is deposited onto a high-speed steel substrate via electroless nickel co-deposition. YSZ powder of mixed sizes of micro- and nano-sized of the ratio of 1:1 is incorporated in the electroless deposits. The electroless Ni-YSZ composites coating was heated up to 400oC for a maximum of 2 hours. The microhardness measurements were carried out using a Vickers microhardness tester (Shimadzu) according to ISO 6507-4. The surface roughness of the coating was measured using Mitutoyo surface roughness tester SJ-301. The surface characterisation was analysed using Cambridge Stereoscan 90 Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) coupled with Energy Dispersive X-ray Analysis (EDX). The crystallographic structure of materials was analysed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) Bruker D8 Advance instrument. The microhardness and surface roughness of the coating both increase with time. The microhardness is directly proportional to the heating temperature and time and these observations are supported by the XRD analysis. The surface roughness observation is explained by the SEM micrographs.

Jigs and fixtures were brought to the world of machining, bringing a variety of practical purposes. The concept enables rapid mass production of the same product. Thus, the company will streamline the manufacturing process for each component and boost productivity. At times, the machining operation was carried out entirely by the machine, without jigs and fixtures. As a result, jigs and fixtures were created to expedite the drilling process. The project's objectives are to design a jig and fixture, fabricate it, and analyze the performance on a square block of wood. The structural model for drilling jigs and fixtures was created using the Inventor Professional 2019 Computer-Aided Design Software. The fabrication process used were milling, surface grinding, CNC wire-cut, and drilling machines. Aluminium 1065 was utilized because it is less expensive, lighter than other materials, and easy to process. The result demonstrates that a hole can be drilled quickly using the jigs and fixtures. Preparing the hole with a jig and fixture takes only 1.28 minutes, compared to 3.45 minutes with a table drill. The advantages of this product are the time operation can be reduced and quickly operations on the drilling process.

To statistically analyse sitting posture using anthropometrics data among college students in Malaysia. This study was conducted among 52 college students consisting of males and females. Data were analysed using a common statistical tool which is the Statistical Package of Sosial Science (SPSS). Preliminary analysis of data indicated that there are wider differences in standard deviation of eye sitting height compared to the previous study conducted. This study was conducted at only one higher learning institution/college located at East Cost of Malaysia. The larger value of standard deviation discovered as statistical analysis performed using combined data among male and female participants suggested that data should be segregated. Result obtained could be used as a preliminary guideline to design any related item in related to sitting posture.

The chapter describes the characterisation and application of nickel cubic boron nitride (Ni-CBN) coatings using the electroless nickel co-deposition method. Two different types of substrates were used, that is, high-speed steel (HSS) and carbide. The characterisation of Ni-CBN coating was conducted using Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FESEM) JSM-7800F coupled with Energy-Dispersive X-ray (EDX). As for the application, coated end mill cutting tools were inserted into DMU 50 CNC machine to conduct the machining testing. Cutting speed, feed rate, and depth of cut were chosen for the Taguchi L9 3-level factors. Taguchi analysis was employed to determine the optimal parameters for the Ni-CBN (HSS) surface finish. The ANOVA evaluation was used to identify the most significant effect on surface finish parameters. The FESEM images prove that the nano-CBN powders were embedded in the Ni-CBN coatings and are uniformly distributed. The findings show Ni-CBN-coated tool life is 195 minutes compared to the uncoated is 143 minutes. The surface roughness, Ra values using Ni-CBN-coated tools ranges between 0.251 and 0.787 μm, whereas the uncoated tools Ra values between 0.42 and 1.154 μm. It can be concluded that Ni-CBN HSS cutting tools reduce tool wear and extend tool life. The Taguchi optimum machining condition obtained is 1860 RPM spindle speed, 334 mm/min feed rate, and 2 mm depth of cut.