Insufficiency of water resources in the Middle East Region represents vital factors that influence the stability of the region and its progress. Expectations indicate that the condition will be dimmer and more complicated, especially in Iraqi territory. Iraq, which is situated in the Middle East, it covers an area of 433,970 square kilometers and populated by about 32 million inhabitants. Iraq greatly relies in its water resources on the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers as a surface water resources, and several productive groundwater aquifers in which from the hydrogeological point of view divided into several major aquifer units including Foothill, Al-Jazira, Aquifer System, Mandali-Badra-Teeb, Mesopotamian and Desert Aquifer system. Recently, Iraq is suffering from water shortage problems. This is due to external and internal factors affecting the water quality of water resources; they are controlled and uncontrolled factors. The uncontrolled factors are climate change and its consequences, such as reduction of precipitation and temperature increasing. The controlled factors have a significantly negative influence on water resources, but their effects involve more specific regions. The controlled factors are mainly represented by building dams and irrigation projects within the upper parts of the Tigris and Euphrates catchments, Al-Tharthar Scheme, waste water, solid wastes and wastes from wars, which has a significant effect on surface water in Iraq because about 80% of the water supply to Euphrates and Tigris Rivers come from Turkey. In addition, the pressures resulting from the high demand for water resources, and the continued decline in their quantity rates have led to major changes in the hydrological condition in Iraq during the past 30 years. The decrease in surface water levels and precipitation during these three decades reflects the drop in the levels of water reservoirs, lakes, and rivers to the unexpected levels. The level of main country’s water source, Tigris, and Euphrates Rivers has fallen to less than a third of its natural levels. As storage capacity depreciates, the government estimates that its water reserves have been reduced precariously. According to the survey from the Ministry of Water Resources, millions of Iraqi people have faced a severe shortage of drinking water. Since of the importance of water for human life and the need to monitor temporal and spatial changes in quality and quantity, there is a need to develop a general Iraqi Water Quality Index (Iraq WQI) to monitor surface water and groundwater and classify it into five categories, very good, good, acceptable, bad and very bad, in terms of suitability for domestics, irrigation and agriculture depending on the Iraqi and WHO standards for drinking water. In addition, strict establishment for the regular quantitative monitoring surface water and groundwater setting and processes. Prospects are more negative for all riparian countries. This implies that solving these problems requires actual and serious international, regional, and national cooperation to set a prudent plan for water resources management of the two basins. Iraq being the most affected country should seriously set a prudent, scientific, and strategic plan for the management and conservation of its water resources. Keywords: Pollution, Water Quality, Waste, Surface water, Groundwater, Iraq.

The study aims to assess the efficiency and susceptibility of aquifers and geological formations in Salahaddin to store excess surface water in rainy and flood seasons, to be alternatives for surface aquifers and to achieve an increase in groundwater levels. Five sites that represent several hydrological basins have been selected for artificial recharge experiments, in which two types of experiments were conducted. In the first, the water was injected into the recharge well with monitoring the level in the same recharge well. In the second, water was injected into the recharge well and the water level was monitored in a close well to the recharge one. Test infusion experiments have been conducted in some locations, and data of water level drawdown was drawn in against time in the form of hydrographs, by using Excel program with attempting to analyze groundwater behavior and movement within the unsaturated layers of the aquifer. Then, the hydraulic properties have also been calculated in some locations from pumping tests or artificial recharge experiments and drawing the hydrograph curve using (Aquifer win32). The study concluded that all the aquifers, in which the artificial recharge experiments were carried out, were very efficient in their response to injections, with minor variations due to heterogeneity of porous media and the thickness of unsaturated zones, which cause different permeability between layers, and different hydraulic properties of aquifers.

Geometric analysis of Al-Wind dam reservoir in Diyala discussed in this paper as necessary and strategic subject, spatial analysis systems were used to extract the area of Al-Wind dam reservoir from the digital elevations model (DEM), at 26 selected water levels in the reservoir with one meter interval, from 195 up to 219.5 m.a.s.l., the geometric criteria used to ​​extract the essential negative geometric elements represented by the Negative Volume (NV) Negative Planner Area (NPA) and Negative Surface Area (NSA), the perimeter of water body, the depth of water column and the shape factor of the reservoir, as well as for the positive geometric elements as Positive Volume (PV), Positive Planner Area (PPA) and Positive Surface Area (PSA) of the islands within the perimeter of the reservoir. The elements above are basics in geometric studies, which are used to design the procedure of reservoir operating, as the control on storage, and releases from the gates of the dam in the different operating conditions, it is control the changes that will occur on the land uses after beginning the storage at each level, as well as the changing on the outcrops of geological formations that would be inundated with changing in water level, accordingly, the secure operation level were determine to avoid the hazards on the dam, and decrease the wastage in the land use and the stored water, and decrease the immersed areas, the mathematical relationship between the inundated areas and the capacity of the reservoir were derived to use it in the future for the operation and routing of the reservoirs, determine the surface area of ​​the reservoir as well as predict the capacity of the reservoir at each level. The current analysis reflect that the maximum operational safe level is 215 m.a.s.l., that equivalent to the capacity of 54,308,822 m3, while the preliminary study of the dam, which was conducted using conventional methods to the survey indicated that the storage capacity at the same level is 37,820,000 m3. Digital elevations models for each selected level was exported as digital images of same scale for the purpose of visual comparison between the extensions and forms of the reservoir at different levels. This analysis useful to management of the dam used by the administration of the dam in the selection of suitable operational policy for the reservoir.

The study includes grain size analysis, clay minerals, selected heavy metals, total dissolved solids and chemical properties. The grain size analyses of (78) samples indicate that the upper layers of the floodplain are fine where the lower layers are coarser. The identification of abundance clay minerals are; Kaolinite, Montmorilonite, Illite, Chlorite and Palygorskite. The (pH) of the sediments ranged (7.07–7.33) with average (7.22), the values of (EC) ranged (1.71-6.42) with average (3.45) and the variation may be due to the variation of climate conditions, while the sulfates SO3 between (0.256% –8.985%) with average (1.70), and that may due to presence of primary or secondary gypsum. The (T.S.S) ranged between (0.490%–12.550%) with average (3.42) and organic content range between (0.342%–3.272%) with average (1.55). The concentrations of Co, Zn, Sr, Ni, Pb, and Cd in (ppm), indicate that Co, Zn, and Ni elements are higher than the standards in the earth crust while the others within the limits of the earth crust or less than that.

The occurrence, storage, and distribution of groundwater in the Precambrian basement complex are influenced by different geological factors. Groundwater is never chemically pure; dissolution of substances takes place in the course of its percolation through the rocks leading to its acquisition of some of their chemical constituents. The purpose of the investigation is to determine the suitability of groundwater for domestic and industrial usage. Four samples were collected from boreholes and six from hand dug wells. Samples were analyzed chemically by using the DR/2010 Spectrophotometer and Digital Titrator while physical parameters where determine using the pH meter, and TDS meter. Hydraulic conductivity and transmissivity results range from 4.24 m/day to 72.63 m/day and 23.84 m2/day to 964.0 m2/day. The geochemical result obtained from the analysis of 10 water samples in the study area with an average values pH 6.82. Temp. 310C, colour (TCU) 1.00, Turbidity 1.2, Conductivity 174.5TDS 87.7 mg/l, which revealed that the water physical parameters are below the WHO permissible value. Total Hardness 161.7mg/l, Ca2+ 64.3mg/l Na+ 68.8mg/l, NO3+ 0.1 mg/l Fe2+ 0.04 mg/l CO3 96.4 mg/l Sulphate 47 mg/l Cl- 96 mg/l and F- 0.3 mg/l. Results obtained of the water analysis reveals that the concentration of Total Hardness and F- in some parts of the study area are above the permissible standard for drinking water WHO Standard. Therefore, the water in the affected part of the study area should be subjected to proper treatment. The groundwater flow direction is from higher surface elevation to lower surface elevation.