Background. There is little evidence to support the comprehensiveness of FMS in sports populations to predict injuries. Ignoring rapid decelerations and high eccentric forces which may be characteristics of high risk for injury are evident in these tests. With this in mind, it seems logical to use tests to assess the performance of athletes so as to evaluate speed components as well as to identify the potential risk factors for injury. This can be a good complement to FMS. Objectives. This study aimed to identify functional movement screening tests to predict injuries in volleyball. Methods. In this descriptive study, 20 high-level experts in volleyball were selected through purposive sampling. The data were collected in 2017 through semi-structured interviews and field notes. The interview transcripts were encoded using MAXQDA10 software®. To extract the categories and subjects, the thematic analysis approach was used. Results. In the first analysis process, the initial codes were extracted and finally, 38 of the 82 existing potential tests were identified. Then, after various stages of determining the validity and reliability of 12 tests-deep squat, inline lunge, trunk stability push up, rotary stability, shoulder mobility, triple hop for distance, hexagon, lateral lunge, triple jump for distance, sidearm medicine ball throw, closed kinetic chain upper extremity and squat jump-were identified for inclusion in this tool. Conclusions. Based on the results of the interviews, it could be concluded that the interviewees' choices were based more on the tests' similarity with the type of movement patterns and performance capabilities in volleyball and considering the anatomical areas prone to injury as well.

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The behavior of the high-order harmonics and output attosecond pulses from hydrogen molecule ions with various internuclear distances that are exposed to high intensity incoming pulses are investigated. The incoming pulses that are spectrally wide yield from a superposition of monochromatic beams with a constant frequency distance. Our simulations show that the most intense and shortest attosecond pulses can result from hydrogen molecular ions with large internuclear distances which are exposed to irradiation of intense pulses with a frequency width greater than 0.03 a.u.

Context Colostrum feeding and hence transfer of sufficient immunoglobulin G (IgG) is vital for protecting against disease in the neonatal calf. A wide range of variations exists in colostrum yield, IgG concentration and many factors that affect colostrum quality. Aims The current study aimed to determine the cow-level factors associated with colostrum yield, IgG concentration, and somatic cell score (SCS) in dairy cows. Methods Colostrum weight from 152 Holstein dairy cows from a commercial dairy herd was recorded, and SCS and IgG concentration were analysed. Cow-level factors were obtained from the on-farm computer software. The mixed linear model (PROC MIXED) was used to analyse the colostrum quality and production. Key results A calving body condition score (BCS) of <3 was associated with higher colostrum production and a lower colostrum IgG concentration. Furthermore, cows that lost their BCS during the dry period (DP) produced less colostrum IgG concentration than did cows that maintained or gained BCS. Cows with BCS of >3.5 at dry-off and calving had greater colostrum SCS. Cows that gained or lost BCS during the DP had the greatest and lowest colostrum SCS. Moreover, colostrum yield was highest in second-lactation cows, and cows with <45 day DP length (DPL) produced more colostrum with a higher IgG concentration. Higher-parity cows produced higher IgG-concentration colostrum. Colostrum SCS increased with increasing parity, and cows with >75 day DPL had the greatest SCS. Cows with >12 500 kg energy-corrected milk in previous lactation produced colostrum with the greatest IgG concentration and lowest SCS. Also, colostrum production was greater in singleton cows than in twinning cows, while colostrum SCS was lower. Moreover, cows that experienced clinical mastitis in the previous lactation had greater colostrum SCS than did cows without mastitis. Conclusions The results indicated that cow-level factors affect colostrum yield, quality, and SCS and highlighted the importance of routine colostrum testing. Finally, these results may help producers and advisers make decisions to improve colostrum production and quality. Implications Future research should focus on the effect of BCS change during the DP on colostrum yield and quality.