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Background: Gallstone disease is common worldwide and majority of patients undergo surgical management. Since the advent of laparoscopic cholecystectomy surgeons has become less interested in its aetiology. Infection is a major factor in the formation of gallstones. There are many infective complications reported of gallstones spilled during cholecystectomy. Presence of bacteria or its DNA by microscopy does not prove the infective potential of such stones. Thus culture of the nidus of the gallstone is the gold standard method to identify any potentially infective bacteria within and to predict the infective potential of gallstones.Methods: Cross sectional study done in seventy patients admitted for elective cholecystectomy for a period of 24 months from August 2016 to July 2018 in Department of Surgery, Regional Institute of Medical Sciences, Imphal, India.Results: Of the 70 stones cultured for bacteria, 52 (74.3%) were sterile and 18 (25.7%) were positive for bacteria, among which 16 stones showed mono-microbial growth while 2 showed poly-microbial growth. Most commonly isolated organism was E. coli and Klebsiella followed by Pseudomonas, Enterococcus and Staph aureus.Conclusions: Moynihan‘s aphorism “gall stone is a tomb erected in the memory of the organism within it”, suggest bacteria inside gallstone to be dead but this study proves that bacteria can be viable inside gallstone and its complete retrieval should be done in case of spillage which may help in avoiding complications.

Introduction: Undescended testes (UDT) is one of the most common congenital anomalies of the urogenital system. In spite of its common occurrence, lots of variations are still reported regarding the time of surgery, mode of investigation and surgery. The present study tried to report the single centre experience of management of UDT. Materials and Methods: The data of patients with UDT including time of presentation, time of surgery, position of testes, investigations, associated urogenital anomalies, complications were collected over a period of 9 years and 6 months and analysed. Results: A total of 118 children were recorded of which the testes of 6 infants became descended before the age of 6 months. Out of the remaining, 112 children, 24 children had bilateral UDT, 24 children had nonpalpable testes (NPT). Ultrasound could locate 19 NPT preoperatively. Maximum children were operated between 6 months to 1 year in 43 children (38.39%). Laparoscopy was done for intra-abdominal testes and NPT whose locations could not be located by US and the rest by open inguinal exploration. Four children had pre-operative complications with obstructed inguinal hernias (2 cases) and testicular torsion (2 cases). Conclusion: Majority of the children were being operated before the age of 1 year and US is a good non-invasive to effectively locate the NPT.

BACKGROUND Mass in the Right Iliac Fossa (RIF) has since long exercised the minds of many surgeons. The various pathologies, multiple and varied modes of presentation of each disease entity, the difficulties encountered in investigative modality, diagnosis and treatment, make masses presenting in RIF a difficult entity to treat even at tertiary care centres. Aim: The study was undertaken to assess the pattern of presentation of mass in RIF and to identify factors which will help in diagnosis and better management.