Citrobacte freundii one of the important foodborne contaminated bacteria in meat and fish, while in Iraq there are limited researches about this bacterium, for that, the objectives of this study include isolate, diagnosed and molecular characterization of Citrobacter freundii in raw meat (beef, mutton) and carp fish samples collected from local markets and different butcher’s shop in a AL-Rusafa district of Baghdad city. One hundred and fifty samples were collected aseptically as 50 samples from each of meats type, there were submitted to laboratory examinations, to culture on routine bacteriological media as a first step for bacterial diagnosis. Bacterial identification done by biochemical test and confirmed by Vitek-2 and Molecular assays (polymerase chain reaction (PCR)). Result showed there are 23 from 150 samples having Citrobacter freundii. Highest C. freundii percentage found in carp samples at (36%), flowed by mutton and beef (6%, 4%) respectively. We conclude that carp fish represent one of the important sources for bacterial foodborne disease where it used as a maine source of proteins and minerals in Iraq.

Background: targeted cancer nanotherapy represents a golden goal for nanobiotechnology to overcome the severe side effects of conventional chemotherapy. Hybrid nanoliposomes (HLs) composed of L-αdimyristoylphosphatidylcholine (DMPC) and Polyoxyethylene (23) dodecyl ether (C12 (EO)23) can integrate selectively into the cancer cell membrane inducing cancer cell death. Objectives: to assess the capacity of locally (in hose) synthesized hybrid nanoliposome to inhibit the growth of cervix cancer cells (HeLa) and induce apoptosis. Patients and Methods: hybrid nanoliposomes(nHLs) synthesized by sonication method from a mixture of 90% mol DMPC and 10% mol C12(EO)23 in tissue culture media RPMI-1640 for 6 hours at 300W and 40ºC then filtration with 0.2µm filter. Shape and size characterized with scanning electron microscope (SEM). Viability of HeLa cell and normal lymphocytes challenged with HLs were determined using MTT assay. Induction of apoptosis in the challenged cells was examined by staining with fluorescence dye mix acridine orange/propidium iodide. Results: synthesized nHLs were in nanozise range and selectively inhibited HeLa cells proliferation with IC50 of 0.2mM DMPC with no effect against normal lymphocytes. Apoptosis was evident in 88.24% of HeLa cells population treated with HLs. Conclusion: synthesized nHLs may considered as promising nanotherapy, this study recommends further inspections for the mechanism of action of nHLs and their capabilities to inhibit other types of cancers both in vitro and in vivo.

Cancer targeted nanotherapy represent an exciting field in the search for new cancer specific therapies to avoid conventional chemotherapy side effects. Because cancer cells usually have malfunctioning apoptotic machinery which favors survival pathways and drug resistance. Cancer cell apoptosis is the favorable event to be induced in any new anticancer agent development. Nanotherapy goals are to elevate therapeutic efficiency, selectivity, and overcome drug resistance as major obstacle in cancer treatment. Hybrid nanoliposomes (nHLs) may fulfill all these features in cancer therapeutics. We have previously demonstrated the ability of in house synthesized nHLs to inhibit HeLa cell line proliferation and study preliminary the induction of apoptosis as a consequences of that inhibition. In order to confirm the event of apoptosis in HeLa cell line incubated with the synthesized nHLs we exposed HeLa cells to inhibition concentration 50 (IC50) of previously synthesized hybrid nanoliposomes. Mechanism of apoptosis induction was determined using mitochondrial membrane potential disruption, caspase-3 activity and single cell gel electrophoresis as well as DNA fragmentation assay. All apoptosis detection procedures used gave a clear defined significant indication that nHLs was capable of induce apoptosis in HeLa cells through intrinsic pathway. This result needs further investigation to confirm nHLs as potential nanotherapy.