Abstract.The study was carried out to the determine performance of passive wall cooling panels by using Phase Change Materials as a cooling agent. This passive cooling system used cooling agent as natural energy storage without using any HVAC system. Eight full scale passive wall cooling panels were developed with the size 1500 mm (L) x 500 mm (W) x 100 mm (T). The cooling agent such as glycerine were filled in the tube with horizontal and vertical arrangement. The passive wall cooling panels were casting by using foamed concrete with density between 1200 kg/m 3 -1500 kg/m 3 . The passive wall cooling panels were tested in a small house and the differences of indoor and outdoor temperature was recorded. Passive wall cooling panels with glycerine as cooling agent in vertical arrangement showed the best performance with dropped of indoor air temperature within 3°C compared to outdoor air temperature. The lowest indoor air temperature recorded was 25°C from passive wall cooling panels with glycerine in vertical arrangement. From this study, the passive wall cooling system could be applied as it was environmental friendly and less maintenance.

Abstract. This paper focus on the effect of alkaline treatment by using sodium hydroxide on the tensile properties of paddy straw fibers strengthened with polypropylene resin. Two types of paddy straw fibers were used which are MR219 and MR220. The paddy straw fibers were prepared in two conditions as untreated and treated with sodium hydroxide (NaOH) at 5% for 24 hours and then dried at 80°C for another 24 hours. For sampling process, these fibers were weighted according to 5% and 10% mass fraction. A total of 16 samples were prepared for this study based on ASTM D638 and tensile test was conducted by using ASTM D5083. The result showed that paddy straw fiber treated with NaOH had gain higher ultimate tensile strength compared to untreated paddy straw fiber where the highest ultimate tensile strength for the fibers is recorded at 10% of MR219 fiber with value of 2.0230 kN and 3.677 mm displacement were recorded. The highest strain were recorded by the same fibers with an average value of 5.253% and obtained the Young's modulus up to 1110 MPa. However, the Young's modulus which has been obtained by the same fibers was decreased with the percentage difference of 40%.

Fibre-Reinforced Polymer (FRP) is a preferable material for repairing concrete structure due to excellent material properties and effective installation cost over the long-term maintenance of structures. The successful application of FRP strengthening system very much depends on the bond between the concrete substrate and the FRP material using epoxy adhesive. Epoxy acts as a bridge to transfer stress from the concrete to the FRP material. The use of wet lay-up technique to apply FRP onto concrete structure requires epoxy to undergo a curing process normally referred to as cold curing. This paper intends to give a review of the problems with cold-cured epoxy and its effect on structural performance. Cured epoxy is characterised as brittle; therefore, modifications of epoxy are required to toughen the epoxy to suit the purpose of repairing a concrete structure. The methodological approaches from previous studies on modified epoxy were collected and reviewed in this paper. This review also offers some important insights regarding the use of sustainable materials, as well as recommendations for new epoxy in the future.