Many biodegradation studies have focused on survival of isolated bacteria to increase the bacteria population and subsequently enhance the efficiency of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) biodegradation. However, there is limited research on enhancing the performance of isolated bacteria through reinoculation. Thus, this study was designed to evaluate the effects of reinoculation on the performance of Sphingobacterium spiritivorum in degradation of phenanthrene contaminated sand. Experiments were performed in three different reactors. Inoculation was performed once (day 0) in reactor 1. In reactor 2, inoculation was performed twice (day 0 and day 5). The bacteria was isolated from reactor 2 and inoculated into reactor 3. The study results show reactor 3 having the highest degradation rate (13.61 mg/kg/day) and percentage removal (95.36 percent). In contrast, without reinoculation in reactor 1, 68.93 percent of phenanthrene was removed. Thus, the performance of S. spiritivorum in phenanthrene degradation can be enhanced through reinoculation. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Bubbles are made of water, gas and air with very thin skin surrounding a volume of air. Bubbles are very elastic and stretch when inflated. However, the bubbles are very flexible and changes into various forms. This interesting accidental forms inspired ceramic artist to explore bubbles aesthetics elements in to ceramics. Design studies methodology was performed and finally, distinct elements of bubble were successfully determined. The design was then manufactured through the typical ceramic process.