About a century ago, doctors were unable to view the inside of their patient’s body other than cutting the body open. However, this changed literally upon the invention of various useful medical imaging techniques, which were able to produce images of the internal organs and bones without causing pain to the patient. Over the years, vast developments resulted in the establishment of several cross-sectional imaging scans. This paper aims to provide a critical review on the use of two of the famous techniques; CT and PET scans. The paper highlights the strengths and weaknesses of each of these techniques along with briefly mentioning the recent developments in this area concerning the use of these techniques. In addition, this manuscript also sheds some light on the novel and hybrid technology of integrating CT and PET.

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This review presents the composition, structure, mechanical characteristics, and applications of alumina (aluminum oxide) in biomedical. Alumina used for implant manufacturing is either single-crystal sapphires or high density and quality polycrystalline. The major sources of highly-purity alumina are organic corundum and bauxite. Like any other brittle component, polycrystalline alumina's mechanical characteristics are largely dependent on grain size and porosity distribution. It was shown that, due to slowed subcritical crack production, the fatigue intensity of alumina could be increased above the crucial pressure due to the presence of liquid. Due to its high inertness, that results in outstanding biocompatibility and tissue nonsensitization, alumina has significant benefits over other products in biomedical uses. Just like in artificially joints and teeth, the higher compressive strength than tensile strength allows it more efficient for compressive loadings. There were some attempts for coating alumina on steel substrates in order to benefit of its outstanding biocompatibility and to resist metal oxidation.

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