Bio-based fuels have become popular being efficient, cost-effective, and eco-friendly alternatives to fossil fuels. Among plant sources exploited as feedstocks, C4 grasses, such as sugarcane, maize, sorghum, and miscanthus, are highly resourceful in converting solar energy into chemical energy. For a sustainable and reliable supply of feedstocks for biofuels, we expect dedicated bioenergy crops to produce high biomass using minimum input resources. In recent years, molecular and genetic advancements identified various factors regulating growth, biomass accumulation, and assimilate partitioning. Here, we reviewed important genes involved in cell cycle regulation, hormone dynamics, and cell wall biosynthesis. A number of important transcription factors and miRNAs aid in activation of important genes responsible for cell wall growth and re-construction. Also, environmental components interacting with genetic controls modulate plant biomass by modifying gene expression in multiple interacting pathways. Finally, we discussed recent progress using hybridization and genome editing techniques to improve biomass yield in C4 grasses. This review summarizes genes and environmental factors contributing biomass yield in C4 biofuel crops which can help to discover and design bioenergy crops adapting to changing climate conditions.

Tenothrips keruing sp. n. is described from Malaysia. This new species was taken from the flowers of Dipterocarpus sublamellatus (local name Keruing kerut) during the recent mass-flowering. The male of this species has a pair of stout setae on abdominal tergite IX, and there are no sternal pore plates. A key to species of Tenothrips from Indomalaysia is provided.

During sexual reproduction in flowering plants, haploid spores are formed from meiosis of spore mother cells. The spores then undergo mitosis, develop into female and male gametophytes, and give rise to seeds after fertilization. We identified a female sterile mutant ap1g2-4 from EMS mutagenesis, and analyses of two T-DNA insertion mutants, ap1g2-1+/− and ap1g2-3−/−, and detected a partial female and male sterility. The ap1g2 mutant gametophyte development was arrested at one nuclear stage. A complementation test using a genomic sequence of AP1G2 with its native promoter restored the function in the three ap1g2 mutant lines. Transcriptome profiling of ap1g2 ovules revealed that four genes encoding clathrin assembly proteins PICALM5A/B and PICALM9A/B, which were involved in endocytosis, were downregulated, which were confirmed to interact with AP1G2 through yeast two-hybrid assays and BIFC analysis. Our result also demonstrated that RALFL4-8-15-19-26 CML16 and several calcium-dependent protein kinases, including CPK14-16-17, were all downregulated in the ovules of ap1g2-1+/−. Moreover, Ca2+ concentration was low in impaired gametophytes. Therefore, we proposed that through interaction with PICALM5A/B and PICALM9A/B, AP1G2 may mediate gametogenesis accompanied by Ca2+ signaling in Arabidopsis. Our findings revealed a crucial role of AP1G2 in female and male gametogenesis in Arabidopsis and enhanced our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underpinning sexual reproduction in flowering plants.

Introduction: Obesity is presently so common inside the world’s population that it is starting to replace under nutrition and infectious diseases as the foremost noteworthy supporter to sick health. In specific, weight is related with diabetes mellitus, coronary heart illness, certain shapes of cancer, and sleep-breathing disorders. Accumulation of excessive fat in body is referred as obesity but this does not take under consideration the morbidity and mortality related with more unassuming degrees of overweight, nor the inconvenient impact of intra-abdominal fat. The worldwide plague of obesity comes about from a combination of genetic susceptibility, expanded accessibility of high-energy nourishments and decreased requirement for physical activity in present day society. Obesity should no longer be assuming as simple issue affecting certain people, but an epidemic that undermines worldwide well being. Objective: To identify the effects of obesity in females and guide regarding healthy life style Material and Methods Study design: Quantitative cross sectional Settings: Sharif Medical City Hospital Duration: Six months i.e. 1st January 2022 to 30th June 2022 Data Collection procedure: It was quantitative cross sectional study. There were 150 females who participated in the study. Informed consent was taken. Age was in between 30-45 years. All participants divided into two groups. In group one normal included 50 females as control group and in group two 100 obese females were present. 5ml venous blood was collected in the vials and stored. Levels of systolic and diastolic blood pressure, serum cholesterol, Triglycerides, LDL, HDL, Blood sugar fasting and BMI were calculated in both groups. Results: The results were significant as p value less than 0.005. All parameters were compared in both normal and obese group and noticed that obese group having high values as compared to normal group in terms of blood pressure both systolic and diastolic, Cholesterol, LDL, HDL, Triglycerides, BSF and BMI levels. Conclusion: Obesity and depressive disorders are common co morbidities and have discrete, however overlapping, pathoetiology. It shows up that weight has direct toxic brain impacts. The co-occurrence of obesity and depressive disorders are exceedingly related with adverse wellbeing outcomes. Treatment openings ought to start with anticipation and pre-emption. Outcomes in weight and depressive disorders may be expanded by an approach that takes these two conditions into consideration. Worldwide, the number of obese individuals is rising at an alarming rate. Present study portrayed the negative effects of obesity in ladies. The findings of this research were a sign for obese ladies with respect to life threatening medical complications since of their overweight. Keywords: Obesity, BMI, LDL, HDL, Cholesterol, Blood Pressure

Xiaoying Liang and Xiaofang Jiang contributed equally to this study. Article Information