The uncontrolled urban growth is the key characteristics in most cities in less developed countries.However, having a good understanding of the key drivers of the city's growth dynamism has proven to be a key instrument to manage urban growth. This paper investigates the main determinants of Kigali city growth looking at how they changed over time and also how they contributed to the city change through Logistic Regression Models probability maps for the three scenario were evaluated by means of Kappa statistic, ROC value and the percentage of 2014 built-up land cover predicted. The results indicated that new urban developments in Kigali city tend to be close to the existing urban areas, further from the Center Business District (CBD) and wetlands but on low slope sites. Three scenarios built have patterns characterized by a strong compactness of urban densities. However, all three models tend to exclude urban units in the Eastern-Southern part of the city. The three models tend to exclude urban units in the EasternSouthern part of the city compared to the proposed zoning maps. Models results in 2040 indicate that the city trend will be doubled if the current trend rate continues. Models built, will help to better understand the dynamics of built-up area and guide sustainable urban development planning of the future urban growth in Kigali city.

While policy and decision-makers are striving to enhance food security amidst maddening impacts of climate change, climate smart agriculture is thought of as a promising breakthrough for responding to climate change impacts in Tanzania and elsewhere in the world as it strives to increase food productivity; build resilience of agricultural systems to climate change impacts and reduce agricultural greenhouse gas emission. Studies show that agricultural sector is both, a cause and a victim of climate change. It significantly contributes greenhouse gases to the atmosphere. However, achieving climate change mitigation through agriculture without compromising food security is a huge policy and research challenge, some scientists say, it is practically impossible. This study sought to determine tradeoffs and preferences of smallholder farmers on the attributes climate smart agricultural practices, specifically modeling choices of smallholder farmers using choice experiment method. Upon estimating three different models, positive utilities were observed in high productivity, Moderate and low GHG emission as well as on moderate and high resilient farming systems. Smallholder farmers showed a complete disutility on low and moderate agricultural productivity, high GHG emission and low resilient farming systems. The models therefore justified the fact that, attaining more yield without a compromise in greenhouse gas emission reduction targets is a blue-sky dream. In order to concisely inform policy, more research on farmers' preference and tradeoff on the attributes is needed to establish a scientific and logical progression about the tradeoffs people are willing to make with regard to the attributes of climate smart agriculture practices.

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Astronomy is connected with the every day experiences of the people, since the observation of simple and repetitive phenomena, as the succesion of days and nights, untill events of high impact, as the total solar eclipses. In this sense, the Astronomy is a fascinating activity and can be used to inspire interest in sciences in general. In this contribution, we introduce the Network of Astronmy School Education as part of the IAU proposals connected with teaching training programs, and we highlight several examples on the specific topic of the eclipses: their importance and connection with the culture, that can capture students attention if we use the workshops as part of the classes.

We present a detailed characterisation of physical properties of low-ionization nuclear emission-line regions (LINERs) and retired galaxies (RGs) in the local universe for redshift range 0 < z < 0.4 and two subranges z < 0.4 and 0.1 < z < 0.4. Furthermore, we test the effectiveness of WHAN diagnostic diagram in separating the two populations. We used photometric data, public spectroscopic data and morphological classification from SDSS-DR8, MPA-JHU SDSS-DR8 catalogue and Galaxy Zoo survey, respectively. We studied the distribution of LINERs, RGs and AGN-LINERs in relation to luminosity, stellar mass, star formation rate (SFR), colour, and their location on the SFR-stellar mass and colour-stellar mass diagrams. We then studied the morphologies of both populations. Results have shown that for higher redshift range, AGN-LINERs have higher apparent g magnitude, SFRs and dominate on/above the main sequence (MS) of star formation compared to RGs. However, both populations have similar stellar mass and luminosity distributions at all redshift ranges hence suggesting a significant difference in terms of star formation of RGs and AGN-LINERs with redshift. However, larger and more complete samples of LINERs are needed from the future surveys (e.g., LSST) and missions (e.g., JWST) to study in more details the properties of RGs and AGN-LINERs and find alternative methods of separating the two populations, since using simply WHAN diagram from our study we do not find it to be effective for separating the two populations.