PurposeThis study aimed to determine the effectiveness of educational programs through WhatsApp media on the level of knowledge and satisfaction of learning of Posbindu health workers.Methods This study was an experimental research on 1 group that consisted of 33 respondents. Two stages of intervention were done with sending an educational text message about diabetes in the first week and picture messages in the second week. The instruments of this study consisted of a knowledge questionnaire and a learning satisfaction questionnaire. The study was conducted on Posbindu health workers with message delivery interventions through WhatsApp.ResultsThere was a significant change between the mean pre-test and post intervention of text messaging and educational images on knowledge of type 2 diabetes variables, while the delivery of picture messages had the highest mean value of learning satisfaction.Conclusions Promotion and health education programs through message delivery on WhatsApp effectively can improve the knowledge and satisfaction of learning about type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Given the increasing burden of chronic diseases in Indonesia, characteristics of chronic multimorbidities have not been comprehensively explored. Therefore, this research evaluated chronic multimorbidity patterns among Indonesians using Indonesian National Health Insurance (INHI) sample data. We included 46 chronic diseases and analyzed their distributions using population-weighted variables provided in the datasets. Results showed that chronic disease patients accounted for 39.7% of total patients who attended secondary health care in 2015–2016. In addition, 43.1% of those were identified as having chronic multimorbidities. Findings also showed that multimorbidities were strongly correlated with an advanced age, with large numbers of patients and visits in all provinces, beyond those on Java island. Furthermore, hypertension was the leading disease, and the most common comorbidities were diabetes mellitus, cerebral ischemia/chronic stroke, and chronic ischemic heart disease. In addition, disease proportions for certain disease dyads differed according to age group and gender. Compared to survey methods, claims data are more economically efficient and are not influenced by recall bias. Claims data can be a promising data source in the next few years as increasing percentages of Indonesians utilize health insurance coverage. Nevertheless, some adjustments in the data structure are accordingly needed to utilize claims data for disease control and surveillance purposes.

Objectives The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of different types and levels of social capital and emotional well‐being in older adults in Indonesia by a longitudinal data. Methods The fourth and the fifth waves of Indonesian Family Life Survey data were used for this study. The participants aged 60 years or older who participated in both waves were included for analysis (n = 1374). Depressive symptoms and happiness were used to assess emotional well‐being. Cognitive social capital (neighborhood trust) and structural social capital (participating in arisan, community meetings, volunteers, village improvement programs, and religious activities) were the main independent variables. The generalized estimating equations model was used for analysis. Results Participation in arisan (B = −0.534) and attending religious activities (B = −0.591) were related to lower depressive symptoms, but the effect of religious activities would offset over time. Both a low or high social participation showed protective effects on depressive symptoms at the intercept and the time slope. Having higher neighborhood trust was related to more chance of feeling very happy (OR = 1.518). Conclusion Structural social capital is protective from depressive symptoms, while cognitive social capital contributes to happiness. Facilitating social participation and improving neighborhood trust through policies and programs is suggested to promote emotional well‐being for older people.