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In this study, mesoporous titania nanoparticles (MTN) were synthesized via microwave (MW)-assisted method under various heating power (0.12 (MTN1), 0.37 (MTN2) and 0.56 (MTN3) Wg−1). The performance of MTN was investigated on photocatalytic degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP) in aqueous solution using a batch reactor under visible light irradiation. The catalysts were characterized by XRD, UV-Vis DRS, BET and FTIR. The degradation of 2,4-DCP showed that catalyst synthesized at MTN2 was the most effective with 89.43% degradation compared to MTN1 and MTN3 with 82.93% and 86.99%, respectively. This result probably MTN2 has the lowest band gap and highest surface area compared to MTN1 and MTN3. The kinetic studies for degradation 2,4-DCP using MTN2 revealed that the reaction followed pseudo-first order kinetics with reaction rate values (kapp ) decreased as the initial concentration increased that proved the system was preferable at low concentration.

In this research, various weight loadings of Fe (3%, 5%, 7%, and 10%) supported on mesoporous titania nanoparticles (MTNs) were prepared using in-situ electrolysis before being characterised using X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared, surface area analysis, UV evis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The performance of the FeeMTN catalysts was investigated under visible light illumination based on the photocatalytic degradation of 2-chlorophenol. Among the catalysts, 3 wt% FeeMTN demonstrated the highest degradation (99%), followed by 10, 7, and 5 wt% with degradations of 71%, 58%, and 54%, respectively. It has been indicated that the addition of Fe into MTN has enhanced the photocatalytic performance by lowering the catalyst's band gap to improve its efficiency under visible light. The kinetic study has shown that the reaction followed a pseudo-first-order kinetic model and the catalyst remained stable with a slight decrease after five cycles of degradation. Furthermore, the catalyst illustrated a positive performance in photocatalytic degradation of phenolic derivatives.

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Titania is proven to be one of the best catalysts for various pollutant degradations. However, it can only be activated under UV light. This research was conducted to further enhance the photoactivity of titania under visible light irradiation by doping with iron metal. Different weight loadings of Fe (3, 5, 7 and 10 wt.%) supported on mesoporous titania nanoparticles (MT) were synthesised via a facile in-situ electrochemical method and denoted as 3FMT, 5FMT, 7FMT and 10FMT to degrade 2-chlorophenol (2-CP). These catalysts were characterised by XRD, FTIR and UV-Vis DRS. The photocatalytic activity of 3FMT was the most effective with 98% degradation probably due to its lowest band gap energy. This work showed that the catalyst functioned best with dosage 0.075 g in a solution of pH 5 and a concentration of 10 mg L−1. Therefore, this study showed great enhancement in the photoactivity of the catalysts especially under visible light irradiation by lowering their band gaps.