Abstract. This study attempt to examine the influence of driving experience and gender on different traffic offences. Questionnaire survey was conducted to measure the frequency of committing eleven types of traffic. Data collected were analysed using t-test and Chi-square. Results indicate that male drivers have high score in speeding, red light running, tailgating and using emergency lane. Significant differences emerged between driving experiences in speeding, red light running, dangerously cutting into traffic, using hand phone while driving/riding and driving/riding with noncompliance specification vehicle.

New cars are being introduced with front passenger airbags (PAB) as a standard safety feature. Airbags are designed to reduce vehicle occupant injury in the event of a collision. In order for airbags to be effective, occupants must be restrained while travelling in vehicles. Children are often seen unrestrained while travelling in vehicles throughout Malaysia. Studies have shown that unrestrained children are exposed to higher risk of injury in a crash involving PAB deployment, compared to those who are restrained. The intended life saving benefit of PAB may be negated if child occupants remain mostly unrestrained. The objective of the study is to determine the prevalence of child restraint system (CRS) use in vehicles, especially those equipped with PAB. To realise this, an observational survey was conducted at selected day care centres in Kajang, to determine the use of child restraints among children aged six and below, child seating position, driver seatbelt use and availability of PAB. The study was performed in the first half of 2012. A total of 537 children aged 6 and below were observed. 51.4% of the children were seated in the front passenger seat, 45.3% were seated in the rear and 3.3% were seated on the driver’s lap. 13.3% of children seated in front seats were restrained, compared to 4.9% of those seated at the rear. Children were 4 times more likely to be restrained if the drivers were belted compared to those who were not. In vehicles equipped with PAB, 11.2% of children seated on the front seats are restrained, while in vehicles without, 17.1% were restrained. The restraint use among children is low and the presence of PAB does not have a significant effect on the use of CRS. There was a significant association between belted drivers and restrained children. The low CRS use is expected as the current legislation does not specifically mention the requirement for children to use CRS while travelling in vehicle, even if the vehicle is equipped with PAB.

Background Road safety issue is a major problem in Malaysia, with close to 7000 deaths are recorded every year. The government has introduced a number of intervention programmes nationwide to reduce fatalities. At the nation's administrative capital Putrajaya, in particular, the government in 2011 has embarked on a ‘safe city’ programme, emphasising on road safety issues through a community-based programme. The Precinct 8 was chosen for the intervention programmes that emphasis on enforcement, education, and campaign for a 6-month period. Objectives It aimed to evaluate the percentage of seatbelt use among the community before, during, and after the intervention period. Methods To measure the effectiveness of the programme, a scientific research via observation was carried out. Results A total of 9487 all type of car occupants in Precinct 8, Putrajaya were observed. The study revealed that seatbelt use increased from 42% to 58%, before and during the enforcement period, respectively. The post enforcement period, however, revealed that the percentage of seatbelt compliance has decreased to 55%. A χ2test for independence indicated a significant association between enforcement programme period and seatbelt use, χ2 (2, 9487)=202.36, p=0.0001. Car occupants were one time more likely to use seatbelts during enforcement programme as compared to before enforcement programme was implemented (with RR: 1.371, 95% CI 1.31 to 1.44). Significance to the Field The study concluded that the dosage of enforcement directly contributed to the seatbelt compliance. The study can be replicated in terms of programme design and implementation in other communities.

Speeding is a serious threat to traffic safety. Similar to other nations, speeding is the leading causes for road traffic crashes and fatalities in Malaysia. The present study was designed to explore the factors associated with speeding among road users to ensure better strategies can be formulated in encouraging drivers to comply with the speed limit. A cross-sectional survey using questionnaire was conducted among 1194 road users. Logistic regression was performed to analyse the association of speeding behaviour with ten independent variables. Seven factors were significantly associated with speeding behaviour. Belief yielded the highest odds ratio (OR) 3.6 and followed by the experience of being summoned by an enforcement officer for speeding (OR: 2.3). In contrast, perception of being caught for speeding was negatively associated with speeding (OR: 0.94) followed by gender (OR: 0.60) and race (OR: 0.52). Type of vehicle and attitude were also significantly associated with speeding, OR were 0.28 and 0.14 respectively. The study revealed that enforcement activities and belief on speeding play a very important role in reducing speeding behaviour. This study highlights the need to identify the main factors at the community level for instance enforcement activities in order to design effective intervention programme.

Background In 2010, there were 120 156 crashes involving motorcyclists in Malaysia. Overall, the motorcycle riders and pillions were over represented with 4036 (58.7%) deaths. The higher number of deaths often associated with head injuries due to improper helmet wearing. Even at the nation's administrative capital Putrajaya, road crashes among motorcyclists are rampant. Therefore, an initiative was taken by introducing the ‘Safe City Concept’ which emphasised on Community Based Programme (CBP) to improve the state of road safety among motorcyclists. A series of enforcement programme was initiated by the community, enforcement agencies, and local authority. Objectives The study was carried out to determine effectiveness of the 6-month enforcement programme by focusing on the percentage of proper helmet wearing. Methods A 2 h observation programme was executed weekly in Precinct 8, Putrajaya, specifically targeting at motorcyclists. The percentage of proper helmet wearing rate among motorcyclists was measured before, during, and after the enforcement programme was carried out. Results A total of 2949 motorcyclists were observed. The study highlighted that the proper helmet wearing in Precinct 8 was twice as higher during the enforcement programme as compared to before enforcement programme (RR=2.2.537; 95% CI 2.019 to 3.187). Female motorcyclists were 2 times more likely to wear helmet properly as compared to male (with OR=2.1243; 95% CI 1.510 to 2.989). Significance to the Field The study concluded that enforcement programme in Precinct 8, Putrajaya was proven effective in increasing the proper helmet wearing compliance. Findings of the study can act as guidelines for programme design and implementation.