Extracted cellulose from oil palm empty fruit bunch fiber (OPEFB) was subjected to acid hydrolysis in producing microcrystalline cellulose (MCC). The acid hydrolysis was conducted using 1 % (v/v) sulfuric acid (H 2 SO 4 ) at varying temperatures of 120, 130 and 140 °C for an hour. The relationship between the thermal behavior and physical properties was investigated by thermogravimety (TGA/DTG) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) as well as x-ray diffractometry (XRD). The hydrolyzed MCC at 120 °C (MCC A ) showed the highest thermal stability temperature and percentage of crystallinity at 250 °C and 65.07% respectively. However, hydrolyzed MCC at 130 °C (MCC B ) and 140 °C (MCC C ) exhibited low thermal stability temperature at 225 °C and 220 °C respectively. The percentage of crystallinity obtained for MCC B and MCC C was 61.18% and 60.64% respectively. This study revealed that the degree of crystallinity for cellulose has positive impact on the thermal degradation temperature of the OPEFB-MCC.Keywords: acid hydrolysis, microcrystalline cellulose, oil palm empty fruit bunch, thermal behavior Abstrak Selulosa yang diestrak dari serabut tandan kosong sawit (STKS) dihidrolisis menggunakan asid bagi menghasilkan mikrokristal selulosa (MKS). Hidrolisis berasid dijalankan dengan menggunakan 1 % (v/v) asid sulfurik (H 2 SO 4 ) pada suhu yang divariasikan iaitu 120, 130 dan 140 °C selama sejam. Hubungan antara sifat terma dan sifat fizikal dikaji berdasarkan analisis termogravimetri (TGA/DTG), anlisis kalorimetri imbasan kebezaan (DSC) serta kaedah pembelauan sinar-X (XRD). Peningkatan suhu hidrolisis menunjukkan kesan yang kontra terhadap sifat terma STKS-MKS. MKS yang dihidrolisis pada suhu 120 °C (MKS A ) menunjukkan suhu kestabilan terma dan peratus kehabluran yang paling tinggi iaitu masing-masing pada 250 °C dan 65.07%. MKS yang dihdrolisis pada 130 °C (MKS B ) dan 140 °C (MKS C ) mempamerkan suhu kestabilan terma yang rendah iaitu masing masing pada suhu 225 °C dan 220 °C. Peratus kehabluran yang diperoleh bagi MKS B dan MKS C masing-masing adalah 61.18% dan 60.64%. Kajian ini memberi indikasi bahawa darjah kehabluran selulosa memberi kesan positif kepada suhu degradasi terma TKKS-MKS.
Palm-based polyurethane containing phosphate ester (PE) as fire retardant has been developed. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of PE inclusion into palm-based polyurethane (PU) system onto the mechanical and burning property of the PU. The PE was synthesized via ring-opening hydrolysis between phosphoric acid (H3PO4) and epoxy. The synthesis was conducted at 60–70 °C with varying concentration of H3PO4 at 2.5, 5.0 and 7.5 wt.%. It was then added into the PU system at 0, 5, 10 and 15 wt.%. Density of the PU foam was in the range of 45–50 kg·m−3. PE increased the compression strength and modulus of the PU. The highest compression stress (1441 kPa) and modulus (7733 kPa) were discovered with the addition of 10 wt.% PE. Burning properties showed that the addition of PE has decreased the burning rate of the PU foam. PU with PE synthesized from 5.0 wt.% H3PO4 showed excellent burning properties with the lowest burning rate (0.047 cm·s−1) compared to control PU which was at 0.119 cm·s−1.
Production and physico-chemical characterization of biochar from palm kernel shell AIP Conf. Proc. 1571, 749 (2013); 10.1063/1.4858744Comparative study of the combustion, performance, and emission characteristics of a variable compression ratio engine fuelled with diesel, corn oil methyl ester, and palm oil methyl ester J. Renewable Sustainable Energy 4, 063122 (2012); 10.1063/1.4768543The study of palm oil methyl ester and its corrosiveness AIP Conf.Abstract. The physicochemical properties of phosphate ester from palm kernel oil have been studied. The phosphate ester was synthesized via ring-opening of epoxidized palm kernel oil with phosphoric acid. The amount of phosphoric acid (H 3 PO 4 ) was varied at 0, 2.5, 5.0 and 7.5 wt%. Acid values of PKO and EPKO were 1.85 and 1.87 mg KOH/g respectively. However, the acid values increased with increasing amount of H 3 PO 4 with values of 10.62 mg KOH/g, 31.34 mg KOH/g and 110.95 mg KOH/g respectively. The hydrolysis of the EPKO has successfully converted it to PEPKO with hydroxyl value of 16.16 mg KOH/g, 26.90 and 35.33 mg KOH/g at H 3 PO 4 of 2.5, 5.0, and 7.5wt%.
The loading effect of recycled carbon fibre at 5, 10, 15 and 20 wt.% on the mechanical strength of the palm-based polyurethane (PU-rCF) was investigated. The recycled carbon fibre (rCF) from glycolysis of the carbon fibre-epoxy mat (CFRP) was obtained. The glycolysis was conducted at 180–190 °C under atmospheric pressure and catalysed by 1.9 wt.% NaOH in 80% aqueous medium. The rCF was analysed by FTIR spectroscopy analysis and SEM observation. Clean fibre without residual traces was obtained. The rCF was then incorporated into palm-based polyurethane to form composite panel (PU-rCF). The addition of rCF improved the mechanical strength of the composite. The impact strength increased more than 3 folds from 0.6 kJ/m2 to 3.8 kJ/m2 while the flexural strength increased from 43 MPa to 61 MPa. The shore D hardness index was at the highest (72) with maximum rCF loading of 20 wt.%. As expected, the FTIR spectrum of the PU-rCF indicated the absence of chemical interaction between PU and the rCF. The strong physical interaction between the rCF fibre strands has decreased the brittleness of the PU and increased the mechanical strength of the composites.
A series of phosphate esters from soybean oil and palm kernel oil has been synthesised by reacting each epoxidised soybean oil and epoxidised palm kernel oil with o-phosphoric acid in the presence of t-butyl alcohol as the solvent. The amount of o-phosphoric acid was varied at 0, 2.5, 5.0 and 7.5 wt-%. The hydrolysis was conducted at a temperature range of 80-90°C. The physiochemical properties of the phosphate esters were determined, that were, acid value, hydroxyl value, oxirane and moisture contents. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis was carried out to confirm the formation of the phosphate ester (P-O-C). The oxirane content after hydrolysis was below 0.2%. Higher addition of phosphoric acid (7.5 wt-%) increased the moisture content and the acid value of the phosphate esters. These results were applicable for both soybean oil-based phosphate ester (SOPE) and the palm kernel oil-based phosphate ester (PKOPE). However, SOPE and PKOPE with 2.5 wt-% of phosphoric acid showed higher hydroxyl value.
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