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A 53‐year‐old man presented with a 2‐year history of a painless mass on the right cheek. On physical examination, the lump was a solitary, well‐demarcated, mobile lesion. There was no abnormality in the surrounding skin. Ultrasonography demonstrated a single, cystic, well‐defined, subcutaneous cyst, measuring 20 mm in diameter. Laboratory tests, including sex hormones, were within the normal range. The tumor was resected surgically under local anesthesia. The cyst had a slightly yellow wall and contained clear, watery fluid. The patient had no other medical problems and no history of other skin disease. Histopathologically, the unilocular cyst was lined with two layers of epithelium and was devoid of papillary infolding. The inner layer of the cyst was composed of cuboidal to columnar epithelial cells, most of which demonstrated prominent cilia. The outer layer consisted of polygonal cells that contained clear cytoplasm (Fig. 1). No foci of squamous metaplasia were present and the cyst wall did not contain adnexal structures. The inner layer of the epithelium was positive for periodic acid–Schiff (PAS) stain, but contained no diastase‐resistant granules. Figure 1  Hematoxylin and eosin staining. A unilocular cyst lined with two layers of epithelium (original magnification, × 200) Immunohistochemical staining revealed strong staining in the membrane for epithelial membrane antigen (EMA) and diffuse cytoplasmic reaction to cytokeratin in the epithelial component, but carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) staining was negative. Staining for α‐smooth muscle actin (αSMA) and S‐100 protein was positive in the outer layer (Fig. 2), suggesting myoepithelial cells. There were no desmin, vimentin, amylase or estrogen receptor‐positive cells in the epithelium. 2 α‐Smooth muscle actin (αSMA) staining was positive in the outer layer (original magnification, × 100)

Damage-induced neuronal endopeptidase (DINE) is a unique nerve-injury associated molecule, which was recently identified in a peripheral nerve injury model. The aim of this study was to determine the expression profiles and distribution of DINE in adult rats after middle cerebral artery (MCA) occlusion. Focal cerebral ischemia induced late-onset and prolonged expression of DINE mRNA in the peri-infarct cortex and specific nuclei of thalamus. Double labeling using immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization revealed that DINE mRNA was exclusively expressed in cells that were positive to a neuronal marker NeuN. Previously established knowledge on neuroanatomical fiber connection suggests that DINE mRNA was expressed in areas projecting their axons to or through the core region of the infarction. This unique expression profile was similar to that of activating transcription factor-3 (ATF-3), which is a marker of nerve-injured neuron. More than 98% of ATF-3 immunoreactive neurons simultaneously expressed DINE mRNA, suggesting that DINE expression is observed in injured neurons of CNS as well as PNS. Since DINE expression promotes antioxidant activity, our results suggest that DINE may act as a neuroprotective molecule in neurons under ischemic insult.