A thorough knowledge of dental anatomy of both the permanent and primary dentition is essential for all treatment aspects of these teeth. All too often, the study of the anatomy of primary teeth is given secondary importance due to the fact that these teeth will exfoliate eventually. Rather than premature extraction, the retention of primary teeth through restorative or endodontic means is evolving amongst dental practitioners and endodontic and pediatric dental specialists. Thus, knowledge of the normal and abnormal anatomy of primary teeth is required in making diagnosis and treatment decisions in young patients. In rare incidences, as in cases of absent permanent premolars, primary teeth may be retained in the permanent arch and if the pulp becomes diseased, endodontic treatment may be among the treatment options. This article provides a comprehensive review of normal and abnormal morphology of the primary teeth with an emphasis on the roots and root canal systems of each of the teeth in the primary dentition.

Canadian and U.S. universities are faced with the challenge that they are not graduating enough dentists to meet the future needs of the Canadian and U.S. populations. Foreign‐trained dentists represent a valuable resource to society and the economy. Dental programs have been established to train foreign‐trained dentists for some or all of the following reasons: public need for health care services, income generation for universities, and demand by foreign‐trained dentists who desire to practice dentistry in Canada or the United States rather than in their own nation. Changes implemented by the National Dental Examining Board (NDEB) of Canada in 2000 and by the Commission on Dental Accreditation (CODA) in the United States in 1986 have resulted in foreign‐trained dentists no longer being able to gain dental licensure in these countries strictly through a certification examination. Foreign‐trained dentists are now required to apply for and complete a two‐ to three‐year advanced placement, qualifying, or degree program at a Canadian or U.S. dental school prior to receiving licensure to practice. The study reported in this article investigated the various types of advanced placement, qualifying, or degree programs available to foreign‐trained dentists wishing to practice in either Canada or the United States and the differences among these programs. This research provides a better understanding of the various commonalities and differences among Canadian and U.S. programs for internationally trained dentists.

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