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We experimentally demonstrate a passively Q-switched erbium-doped fiber laser incorporating microfiber-based titanium dioxide (TiO2) polymer composite saturable absorber. The anatase TiO2 is derived from natural ilmenite waste via alkaline fusion method. The TiO2 polymer composite is prepared using solvent exchange method and deposited onto tapered microfiber via dip coating technique. The passive Q-switching at 1558.3 nm with low threshold pump power of 16.4 mW, average output power of 1.0 mW and pulse energy of 47.6 nJ are realized. The shortest pulse width of 7 μs with 22.56 kHz repetition rate is recorded. This work opens up a new window for the generation of microsecond pulses using waste material.

We demonstrate an L-band passively mode-locked erbium-doped fiber laser emitting at 1599.43 nm wavelength at a pulse train of 5.68 MHz. The microfiber reduced graphene oxide composite behaves as a saturable absorber that was fabricated using in-situ wet chemical and dip-coating methods. During operation, a single-pulse soliton was observed at a mode-locking threshold of 40 mW. This is a few times lower than most of the previous assessments in the same class of wavelength band and graphene saturable absorbers. The pulse duration was 568 fs with a maximum average output power of 6.75 mW. In addition, the superiority of this simple fabrication method facilitates its potential of mass production for applications in ultrafast photonics industries.

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