Under anaerobic conditions, especially a t low pH, Escherichia coli converts pyruvate to D-lactate by means of an NADH-linked lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). This LDH is present in substantial basal levels under all conditions but increases approximately 10-fold at low pH. The ldhA gene, encoding the fermentative lactate dehydrogenase of E. coli, was cloned using iZ10E6 of the Kohara collection as the source of DNA. The ldhA gene was subcloned on a 2.8 kb Mlul-Mlul fragment into a multicopy vector and the region encompassing the gene was sequenced. The ldhA gene of E. coli was highly homologous to genes for other D-lactate-specif ic dehydrogenases but unrelated to those for the L-lactate-specific enzymes. We constructed a disrupted derivative of the ldhA gene by inserting a kanamycin resistance cassette into the unique Kpnl site within the coding region. When transferred to the chromosome, the ldhA: :Kan construct abolished the synthesis of the D-LDH completely. When present in high copy number, the ldhA gene was greatly overexpressed, suggesting escape from negative regulation. Cells expressing high levels of the D-LDH grew very poorly, especially in minimal medium. This poor growth was largely counteracted by supplementation with high alanine or pyruvate concentrations, suggesting that excess LDH converts the pyruvate pool to lactate, thus creating a shortage of 3-carbon metabolic intermediates. Using an IdhA-cat gene fusion construct w e isolated mutants which no longer showed pH-dependent regulation of the ldhA gene. Some of these appeared to be in the pta gene, which encodes phosphotransacetylase, suggesting the possible involvement of acetyl phosphate in ldhA regulation.

The cadA gene that encodes lysine decarboxylase in Escherichia coli is induced by low pH and - during anaerobic growth - by the substrate, lysine. We used operon fusions of cadA to lacZ to investigate the effects of aeration on cadA regulation. When an insertion mutation in osmZ (= hns) was introduced, a cadA-lacZ fusion was derepressed in the presence of air to approximately the same level as seen during anaerobic growth. However, the pH-dependent regulation of cadA was not affected by osmZ. Introduction of mutations in rpoS, fur, or fnr had no significant effect on cadA expression. However, defects in arcB or arcA largely abolished expression of cadA during anaerobic growth. Nonetheless, strains defective in both arcB and osmZ showed the same high cadA-lac expression in air as seen in the single osmZ derivatives. Blocking the respiratory chain with mutations or chemical inhibitors also caused derepression of a cadA-lacZ fusion in air, while agents affecting the proton gradient had no effect. Derepression of cadA in air was also mediated by several chelating agents, in particular by methoxyindole carboxylic acid. Addition of Fe2+ overcame this effect. Chelating agents also abolished the expression during aerobic growth of several genes known to be under arcAB control and which are normally repressed during anaerobic growth but induced in the presence of air. This implies that the effect of chelating agents on cadA expression is mediated via the arcAB regulatory system.