Introduction: Annually, especially in poor resourced countries, significant amount of money is spent to treat chronic diseases. The money instead could be saved by spending on health promotion programs for preventing chronic diseases. Aim:To conduct cost-effectiveness analysis of various intervention modules in the "Smoking Cessation" program conducted in Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM).

Background: Ear problems attributed to metformin use are not documented in the literature. Aim: To report a possible case of otorrhoea from metformin therapy. Clinical details: A 50-year-old male developed an ear discharge during metformin therapy. Outcomes: His ear discharge reappeared when metformin was reintroduced and disappeared when it was discontinued, suggesting a possible association between metformin and otorrhoea. The causality assessment revealed a 'probable' (Naranjo algorithm score 8) association and the severity was 'moderate' (Level 3). Conclusion: First case of possible otorrhoea from metformin therapy to be reported in the literature.

Due to the impact it has on a person's capacity to communicate in a foreign language, vocabulary mastery is a crucial component that must be taken into consideration. This study aims to determine the level of Arabic vocabulary mastery among students in Selangor, Malaysia's religious secondary schools (SAM), focusing on two aspects: vocabulary size and depth. This study was designed quantitatively by using a survey as a data gathering tool, which is a set of Arabic Vocabulary Assessment Tests (PekkA). The participants involved were a total of 335 Form Four students from Selangor State Secondary Religious schools. The data obtained was analysed descriptively using the Statistical Package for Social Science Windows (SPSS) Version 27. The results indicate that the students had a modest level of command of Arabic vocabulary (size and depth). Meanwhile, the students' degree of mastery Arabic vocabulary size was high, but their level of mastery its depth was moderate. This study shows that the instrument used has high validity based on its careful development procedure that includes aspects of size and depth based on the Common European of Reference for Language (CEFR) test concept. This study also makes a significant contribution to the importance of shaping student autonomy in developing good vocabulary learning ability.

No abstract