Evapotranspiration is a key element in calculating the surface energy balance, wáter balance and crop water stress and crop yield determination. However, it´s direct measurement or estimation is frequently complicated, since the diversity and complexity of the factors acting in this physical process. (morphological, physiological and soil factors). SEBAL (Surface Energy Balance Algorithm for Land) estimates ET based on satellite images, using the principles of surface energy balance producing excellent results as reported in several studies of different scientist authors; minimizing the cost and time for the ET determination for large vegetation zones. The objective of this research work was to estimate the potential evapotranspiration for the pomegranate crop in a commercial farm, located in Gomez Palacio, Durango, Mexico, by SEBAL using Landsat 8 satellite images during the crop cycle 2016. The results were validated with estimates of ET by the FAO 56 method, obtaining a Willmott concordance index of 0.96, which means good estimation precision.

For agricultural development, water is the most important thing, so today farmers are looking for crops that have some degree of resistance to drought and high economic value such as pomegranate, however, there is poor literature on its production. The Crop Coefficient (Kc) helps us determine the water requirement during plant development, which is critical for reducing production costs and saving water. The objective of this study was to know the Kc during the phenological development of the pomegranate, in an orchard located in the municipality of Gómez Palacio, Durango, Mexico, using 8 Landsat satellite images and geographic information systems. The estimation of Kc based on the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), was performed as proposed by Calera (2016). The KC values obtained range from 0.33 to 0.65. Its evolution with satellite images is consistent according to the development stages of the crop. The relationship between the NDVI and KC may be a promising tool for farmers to estimate water use of pomegranate trees on a regional scale based on satellite imagery.

A study was conducted to evaluate the feasibility of GIS programming as a potential tool in the automation of image processing obtained by the LANDSAT 8 satellite to estimate evapotranspiration (ET) in crops. The objective was to develop an algorithm in python language implementing the SEBAL model. 35 complex equations were developed, which were automated for the processing of 13 scenes, thus covering the entire vegetative cycle of corn cultivation on the "Rancho Las Mercedes" property. For the validation of the results, the data measured by the INIFAP weather station network was consulted on the dates corresponding to the images. The results obtained show an RMSE ranging from 0.001 for the month of June to 0.013 for the month of April. The instantaneous ET values are between the ranges of 0.01 mm / hr and 0.80 mm / hr. Maps of their spatial distribution were generated, where it can be seen that the lowest ET values, those close to zero, correspond to human settlements and bare soils, while the highest values correspond to sites of vigorous vegetation and bodies of water.

Reference evapotranspiration (ETo), is the most important parameter to estimate water consumption. Nowadays the FAO-56 Penman-Monteith method is the most used in the world to estimate Eto, and recommended as the standard method. The main limitation to use this method is the availability of the requiere weather data. There are step by step calculations to estimate ETo when there is a lack of climate data; with the purpose to estimate the crop water consumption in arid regions, it was evaluated the presicion and aplicability of three equations to estimate this parameter when there is limited climate data. Estimates of Eto were performed for five sites, New Mexico State University main campus and its research centers Leyendecker, Artesia and Fabian Garcia, in new Mexico, USA; as well as the Agriculture and Range Science School of the Juarez University of Durango State in Mexico. The estimates of ETo were done with all required wheater data and with lack of solar radiation and relative humidity data. The presicion of the equations was evaluated by using the relative error and the index of agreement, consiedring as reference the FAO-56 with full weather data.

Water is one of the most important natural resources for all living beings, it is essential for food security and the health of ecosystems. It occupies 75% of the planet's surface, however, only 3% is available to man for consumption. Mexico has 653 aquifers. 39.1% of the total volume of these is concessioned for agricultural irrigation uses. According to studies carried out by the National Water Commission, as of 2018, of the 653 units, 105 aquifers are reported in a state of overexploitation. The objective of this research was to implement the guide for the identification of areas with potential for water recharge, developed by the Tropical Agronomic Center for Research and Teaching of Costa Rica, which proposes the delimitation of potential recharge areas through geospatial information considering the topics of edaphology, geology, land use and vegetation, as well as relief and slopes. The results obtained show that in the Toluca Valley aquifer there are five categories of possibility of water recharge, although the moderate possibility prevails (59.4%), followed by a low possibility of recharge occurrence (21.0%), very low possibility (16.7%), high possibility (1.6%) and very high possibility (1.2%).