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The high-failure of Calculus courses has bring dilemma to the educators worldwide. This study has focus on teaching and learning of Pre level Calculus courses. A well-d find the difficulties faced by both lecturers and students from the insights of the educators. From the survey, we find that lecturers confronted difficulties in teaching Pre by the lack of basic and visualization skills among students. They performance are moderate since they tend to memorize, instead of understand the concept. Indeed, most of them agree that the major problem of students is the poor foundation Calculus. Therefore, they have suggested three ideas which are changes of mindset among students, consult lecturers whenever students have problems and remedial class for the weak students.

Motivation is one of the prerequisites in Japanese learning. A student who excels, but does not have enough motivation, will definitely not achieve the results as expected. This study is conducted to explore the three phases of motivation in the learning of Japanese language as a foreign language using the Model of Second Language Motivations (Dörnyei & Ottó, 1998). A quantitative survey consisting of 4 sections with items on the demographic profile and 39 items via Google Form using 5-Likert scales were used as the instruments. Questionnaires were answered by 255 students from three clusters; namely the clusters of Science and Technology, Arts and Humanities, and Business and Administration in a public university in Malaysia. Findings revealed that learners have the highest motivation during the actional stage as curiosity-driven has intrinsically motivated them to learn. Learners' initial motivation has reversed when they reached the actional stage due to their stress about the tests or examinations. However, learners' motivation bounce back during the post-actional stage and they are confident they will perform an excellent job on their assessments or assignments. This study reveals that instructors have a role to play to keep students motivated throughout the process of Japanese language learning. Further research can be done on preactional, actional and post actional stages by looking at the influence of external motivation by associating it with cognitive, affective, situational or circumstantial factors that will support and complement this study.

The reasons why people study foreign languages vary tremendously. Some are intrinsically, while others depended on extrinsic reward to begin their study. Past studies have shown that foreign language learners have display different types of fear throughout the learning process. Nevertheless, sometimes, the negative factors that cause their fear can sometimes be overcome by the positive factors that made them stayed on to the classes. This study is done to investigate the balance between the negative and positive factors that learners faced throughout their learning of foreign languages. 199 respondents who signed up for different types of foreign language courses in a public university in Malaysia. They responded to a survey with 49 items using 5 Likert scales. Findings revealed that the negative factors that hinder their learning are often offset by their positive factors and that made them stayed on. Findings feared most "negative evaluation" and "test". However, findings also showed their intrinsic positive motivation made them stay on.Contribution/ Originality: This study aims to understand the balance that learners fear of learning foreign languages can be balanced off by their positive motives. Instructors of foreign languages can use this understanding to focus more on the positive factors to help retain learners' interest.

Youtube is one of the most famous video-sharing and social networking platforms in the world. Due to its comment section function, Youtube also plays a role in describing the perception and reaction of the general public. This study aims to examine the discourse prosody found in the adjective suki and its co-occurrences. This is a mixed-method research where corpus linguistics is used for quantitative data analysis and, discourse prosody for the qualitative method. The Youtube comments chosen are five videos from Japan’s number one Youtuber, Hajimeshachoo in January 2020. Only the first 24 hours comments were picked. The findings show that the adjective suki is the most significant na-adjective used in the Youtube comments gathered. Na-adjective mainly co-occurred with an adverb that modified the adjective suki mostly to elevate the sense of likeness, adoration, or fondness of the content and/or creator of the video. The adjective suki can have both positive and negative discourse prosody depending on its co-occurrence.