Objective To evaluate placental morphology in pregnancies complicated by early-and late-onset pre-eclampsia (PET) with and without fetal growth restriction (FGR) using stereological techniques.Design A total of 69 pregnant women were studied. Twenty women had pregnancies complicated by PET, 17 by FGR and 16 by both PET and FUR; the remaining 16 were from gestationalage-matched controls. Each group was further classified into early onset (<34 weeks) and late onsets (>34 weeks) based on gestational ages.Setting NPIMR at Northwick Park and St Marks Hospital.Population placentae from pregnant women.Methods Formalin-fixed, wax-embedded sections stained with anti-CD34 antibodies and counterstained with haematoxylin.Main outcome measures Volumes, surface areas, lengths, diameters and shape factors of the villous tissues and fetal vasculature in the intermediate and terminal villi of all the groups studied.Results Terminal villi volume and surface area were compromised in early-onset PET cases, late-onset PET had no impact on peripheral villi or vasculature features. The morphology of the vascular and villous subcomponents in the intermediate and terminal villi was significantly influenced by late-onset FGR, whereas early-onset FGR caused a reduction in placental weight. Length estimates were not influenced by PET, FGR or age of onset. Intermediate arteriole shape factor was significantly reduced in late-onset FGR.Conclusions Isolated early-onset PET was associated with abnormal placental morphology, but placentas from late-onset PET were morphologically similar to placentas from gestational-age-matched controls, confirming the existence of two subsets of this condition and supporting the hypothesis that late-onset PET is a maternal disorder and not a placental disease.

This study is an attempt to understand the impact of the first newborn upon the father. In clinical interviews, specific aspects of the father's developing bond to his newborn were noted, and the development of this bond was observed to have a discernible influence upon the father. Further, the normal reflex activity and behavior of the newborn was observed to enhance this bond.

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We have measured the level of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in maternal plasma during normotensive pregnancy and in pregnancies complicated by pre-eclampsia. VEGF was measured using a competitive enzyme immunoassay. Plasma VEGF was significantly elevated (P < 0.0001) in the pre-eclamptic group (median value 32.7 ng mL-1, range 10.3-64.0), compared with the normotensive group (median value 11.7 ng mL-1, range 6.3-24.3). VEGF is a potent regulator of endothelial cell function. The increased level found in women with pre-eclampsia indicates that VEGF may be involved in the maternal endothelial cell dysfunction associated with this condition. An increase in VEGF, a potent regulator of microvascular permeability, may also contribute to the extravasation of plasma proteins and the subsequent development of proteinuria, both characteristic features of pre-eclampsia.