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Abstract. This study investigates the chemical and morphological characteristics of cassava peel (CP) biomass as a potential coagulant aid for turbidity, heavy metals and microbial removal. FE-SEM micrograph shown the surface of the CP samples was covered with smooth and globular in shaped of bound starch granules. FTIR spectra demonstrated that carboxyl and hydroxyl groups were present in abundance. Whereas analysis by XRF spectrometry indicated the CP samples contain Fe 2 O 3 and Al 2 O 3 which might contribute to its coagulation ability. The features of CP obtained from this study promotes the feasibility of CP to be further developed and studied to produce effective coagulant aid as sustainable alternative to reduce the usage of chemical coagulants.

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The introduction of natural materials into the coagulation-flocculation process need to be practiced as common as possible. The previous literature indicated that utilization of natural material is actually worth to be developed and if possible, into the commercial one. However, the application of natural coagulants itself as the primary treatment is not sufficient, due to the rise in constraints which limited its performance. Emerging technologies and depth studies are actually helping these limited conditions to grow them as good as the performance of chemical coagulants. Alternatively, the natural-based coagulants are commonly used as coagulant aids alongside chemical coagulants, which have created a highlight in water research. This review covers the type of coagulants used in the coagulation-flocculation of wastewater treatment especially in the usage of natural-based coagulants. This review paper also outlines the future prospects of natural materials as aids and its potential as sustainable composite coagulants.