Until early 2021, there were 12 UN peace missions carried out under the Department of Peace Operations. However, not all peace missions that have been carried out by the United Nations have been successful. One example of a UN peacekeeping mission that was judged to have failed was the United Nations Operations in Somalia (UNOSOM) I (1992-1993) and II (1993II ( -1995 missions. One of the causes of the failure of the UNOSOM mission is because the mission cannot answer the challenges of cultural differences, both between peacekeepers and with locals. This research was conducted to elaborate efforts to increase cross cultural intelligence and resilience for peacekeepers and their families so that the missions that will be carried out by them in the future can produce better outcomes than before. This research used the qualitative research method. This study found that cultural intelligence and cross cultural competence are two important abilities that must be possessed by peacekeepers who work in different cultural environments. On the other hand, the potential for peacekeepers to be exposed to stress during assignments in conflict areas and the negative impacts that peacekeeper families may experience during their assignment also need to be a concern, both for the United Nations and peacekeeper sender countries. Both efforts to increase cultural intelligence, cross cultural competence to the resilience of peacekeepers and their families can be done through training. However, commitment and strong political will are needed from the relevant stakeholders so that these trainings can be carried out in a systematic, comprehensive, sustainable manner to support various peace missions that are still and will be carried out by the United Nations..

Defense and security are two concepts that cannot be separated from the life of the nation and state. After Reformasi Era, the concepts of defense and security in Indonesia were absolutely separated, which was also followed by the separation of the TNI and POLRI, previously known as ABRI. This study analyzes the relevance of national security policies in Indonesia, which separates the concepts of defense and security, compared to the latest developments in threats to Indonesia's existence as a country. This study uses a qualitative method. This study finds that the complexity of the threats that come to the existence of the Indonesian state and the security of its people has developed into a multi-spectrum and cross-sectoral, so that cross-sectoral resources are needed for handling it. Referring to the Sishanta doctrine adopted by Indonesia, the handling of threats should be able to empower all resources owned by the components of the nation, not dichotomizing threats, and handling them comprehensively through good interagency. The plan to form a National Security Council is important to fill this gap, where this council is expected to be a forum for the final assessment of emerging threats to further direct state institutions in synergizing with one another, empowering their resources in handling threats.

No abstract