Background and Aims. To investigate the impact of glycemic control and T2D duration on vitamin D status and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk among Saudi patients. Methods. This case-control study was conducted in King Faisal Specialist Hospital, Saudi Arabia. A total of 25 nondiabetic controls and 92 patients with confirmed T2D, aged 20–60 years, were included. Patients with T2D were divided into the following groups based on disease duration (newly diagnosed: ≈6 months and long duration: ≥5 years) and glycemic control based on their glycated hemoglobin (HbA1C) level with a threshold of ≤0.053 mol/mol: newly diagnosed controlled (NC, n=25), newly diagnosed uncontrolled (NU, n=17), long duration controlled (LC, n=25), and long duration uncontrolled (LU, n=25). Blood levels of fasting blood glucose, HbA1C, lipid profile, and serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) were assessed and used to define the CVD risk score. Results. Our study showed that T2D duration was an independent predictor of vitamin D deficiency. The longer disease duration, the lower odds of being vitamin D deficient (odds ratio (OR) = 0.05, 95% CI: 0.01–0.29, p<0.05). No significant association was observed between vitamin D and HbA1C levels. In the NU group, CVD risk scores were directly correlated with serum 25(OH)D (r=0.53, p<0.05). On the contrary, 25(OH)D was moderately inversely correlated with CVD risk score in the LU group (r=−0.45, p<0.05). Conclusion. Duration of diabetes rather than glycemic control is associated with vitamin D deficiency. Glycemic uncontrol may augment vitamin D deficiency-associated CVD risk in both newly diagnosed and old patients with type 2 diabetes.

Purpose: Data about body compositional changes throughout the course of type 2 diabetes (T2D) are limited and inconsistent. We investigated the roles of the disease duration and glycemic control in T2D-associated changes of body composition and the components of metabolic syndrome (MetS). Patients and Methods: A total of 25 non-diabetic controls and 92 individuals aged 20-60 years with T2D were included in a case-control study conducted at King Faisal Specialist Hospital, Saudi Arabia. Based on disease duration (newly diagnosed: within the first year and long duration: ≥5 years) and glycemic control (glycated hemoglobin [HbA1C] level ≤7%), the patients were divided into the following groups: newly diagnosed and controlled (N&C, n=25), newly diagnosed and uncontrolled (N&U, n=17), old and controlled (O&C, n=25), and old and uncontrolled (O&U, n=25). Blood samples were collected to assess fasting blood glucose level, HbA1C level, and lipid profile. Anthropometric data were evaluated, and body composition was assessed using a bio-impedancemetry analyzer. Nonparametric tests and multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed. Results: Compared to the control group, the fat mass (FM) was significantly higher in all groups; furthermore, the fat mass/fat-free mass (FM/FFM) ratio was significantly higher in the N&C. The N&U and O&U groups showed significantly higher percentages of all components of MetS. Among all selected independent factors, only age increased the likelihood of MetS diagnosis by 7% (OR: 1.07; 95% CI: 1.004-1.149; P<0.05). Besides, age, gender, adherence to diet regimen, and T2D duration showed lower odds of increased FM/ FFM ratio. Conclusion: This study provided evidence about the impact of T2D on body composition and the other components of MetS. Thus, further characterization of T2D contributes to defining the etiology of the disease to detect and treat poor cardiometabolic health.

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