Climate change causes change in rainfall patterns, which will affect water availability. Water is a limiting factor for rice production on dry land. Increasing rice yields on dry land requires precise water management. This study aimed to investigate the effect of supplementary irrigation when it does not rain on rice yields in dry land during rainy season. The research was conducted on dry land in Playen, Gunung Kidul, Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta, Indonesia during rainy season of November 2020 to February 2021. The treatments were supplementary irrigation if 1 day without rain (A1), if 2 days without rain (A2) and if 3 days without rain (A3), and they were compared to control without supplementary irrigation (A0). This research used a randomized completely block design, each treatments replicated 4 times. The results showed A1 gave the highest grain yield, namely 7.786 ton ha−1, significant different with other treatments of A2, A3 and A0. Dry straw of A1 was 7.324 ton ha−1, significant different with A2, A3 and A0. Carbon absorption of A1 was 6.860 ton ha−1, consisting of carbon in grain 3.575 ton ha−1 and straw 3.285 ton ha−1, it was significant different with other treatments of A2, A3 and A0 (p<0.05; n=16). B/C A2 1.73 was highest from the others and its farmers have profit Rp. 19,276,360 ha−1.

Dryland has a great potential regardless of limitations. Increasing rice productivity can be done by water and land management on the dryland especially on dry season. This study aimed to determine rice cultivation in dry land during the dry season which is supported by deep well irrigation and soil amelioration with organic fertilizers and rice husk charcoal. The research was conducted on dry land at Logandeng, Playen, Gunung Kidul, Special Region of Yogyakarta Indonesia during the 2019 dry season, July to November. Water requirement was fulfilled from deep well irrigation. Soil quality was improved through amelioration with organic fertilizers and rice husk charcoal, with the treatments without amelioration (TA), amelioration with organic fertilizer 3 ton ha−1 (AB), amelioration with organic fertilizer 3 ton ha−1 plus rice husk charcoal 1 ton ha−1 (ABS) and amelioration with organic fertilizer 3 ton ha−1 plus rice husk charcoal 1 ton ha− 1 and mulch of rice husk charcoal 0.5 ton ha−1 (ABSM). This research used a randomized completely block design, with 4 treatments and 5 replications. The results showed by 5 cm of flooding was reached the zero level in 8 hours and the water depth reached 20 cm for the next 16 hours. Supplementary irrigation every two days, with a flooding of 5-10 cm, was sufficient for rice cultivation during the dry season. ABS treatment can increase the yield component such as dry grain yield by 7.10 ton ha−1, dry straw by 5.98 ton ha−1, and dry root by 2.76 ton ha−1 and carbon absorption from grain by 3.81 ton ha−1, straw by 2.68 ton ha−1 and root by 1.18 ton ha−1 (p<0.05; n=20). ABS was decreased soil Eh (p<0.05; n=20), and increased soil organic carbon dan cation exchange capacity (p<0.05; n=15). ABS was the best ameliorant for rice cultivation on dry land during dry season.

Rainfed paddy fields have a great potential to be developed in Indonesia, especially in Central Java. However, water irrigation management, drought stress, pest and disease infestation and low nutrients that affect paddy yield remain the constraints. Unpredictable climate pattern is also a limiting factor in the cultivation of rainfed paddy fields. This narrative review aims to identify and discuss solutions to problems that exist to increase the yield of rainfed paddy fields with several techniques that support sustainable agriculture. This review paper was prepared by collecting government data and interviews with several farmer group leaders as complementary data. Based on field conditions, farmers in rainfed paddy fields provide fertilization inputs that are not following the fertilizer recommendations. Moreover, field conditions with limited water availability have caused paddy cultivating in several locations only once a year with low yields. Water storage can help farmers meet the need for water, especially during dry and water-stress conditions. The farmers also need to pay attention to the appropriate fertilization doses and the use of additional organic matter derived from cultivation residues, which are expected to increase the availability of nutrients in the soil. The use of short-life and drought-resistant varieties can aid in overcoming the problem of crop failure in the middle phase caused by water scarcity. Finally, we identify and emphasize that rainfed paddy fields generally have a limiting factor for water and nutrients and several technologies are needed to contribute to increasing more sustainable paddy yields.

Rice cultivation in flooded conditions is one of the methane emission sources. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of water management and farmyard manure application on grain yield, CH4 emissions, and water use efficiency. This study was conducted at the Indonesian Agricultural Environment Research Institute, Pati Central Java from November 2019 to March 2020. The treatments consisted of two factors, a) water management, namely 1) continuous flooding, at 5 cm (CF) and 2) Alternate Wetting-Drying, at 15 cm (AWD) system; and b) farmyard manure namely 1) farmyard manure application 2) without farmyard manure. The observed parameters were rainfall and air temperature, CH4 emissions, water level and milled dry grain. The measurement of CH4 gas emissions was conducted using a closed chamber method. The result of this study indicated that AWD management could increase grain yield by 3.3-8.5% and also reduce CH4 emissions by 12-14% compared to continuous flooding. AWD combined with organic fertilizer application produced the highest grain 7.27 tons ha-1 and emitted the lowest CH4. The AWD management also saved 32-38% of water compared to the continuous flooding.

NPK compound fertilizer has the capability to improve the quality and yield of plants, but longterm application may have some effects towards soil chemical property. This study aims to find out the effect of the combination of NPK (16:16:16) and Liquid Organic Fertilizer from fish waste towards soil pH, available P, P uptake, and yield baby bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) on Inceptisols from Jatinangor. The experiment was conducted in October 2015 until January 2016 at Experimental Farm, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jatinangor, Sumedang regency, West Java. Randomized Block Design (RBD consisted of 8 treatments and repeated three times were applied in this research. The treatments were: control (0), 1 and 0,5 dose of NPK compund fertilizer, and 0,5; 1; 1,5 doses of liquid organic fertilizer from fish waste. Significant result were detected between combinations of NPK  compound fertlizer and liquid organic fertilizer from fish waste on pH, available-P, P uptake, and yield of Baby beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) on Inceptisols.