Coronaviruses belong to the “Coronaviridae family”, which causes various diseases, from the common cold to SARS and MERS. The coronavirus is naturally prevalent in mammals and birds. So far, six human-transmitted coronaviruses have been discovered. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was first reported in December 2019 in Wuhan, China. Common symptoms include fever, dry cough, and fatigue, but in acute cases, the disease can lead to severe shortness of breath, hypoxia, and death. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), the three main transmission routes, such as droplet and contact routes, airborne transmission and fecal and oral for COVID-19, have been identified. So far, no definitive curative treatment has been discovered for COVID-19, and the available treatments are only to reduce the complications of the disease. According to the World Health Organization, preventive measures at the public health level such as quarantine of the infected person, identification and monitoring of contacts, disinfection of the environment, and personal protective equipment can significantly prevent the outbreak COVID-19. Currently, based on the urgent needs of the community to control this pandemic, the BNT162b2 (Pfizer), mRNA-1273 (Moderna), CoronaVac (Sinovac), Sputnik V (Gamaleya Research Institute, Acellena Contract Drug Research, and Development), BBIBP-CorV (Sinofarm), and AZD1222 (The University of Oxford; AstraZeneca) vaccines have received emergency vaccination licenses from health organizations in vaccine-producing countries. Vasso Apostolopoulos, Majid Hassanzadeganroudsari

Introduction: Atrophic vaginitis is a common problem in postmenopausal women and results from decreased levels of blood estrogen. It is associated with symptoms of itching, burning, dyspareunia, and postmenopausal bleeding. The present study evaluated effects of fenugreek extract on atrophic vaginitis. Materials and Methods: This randomized controlled clinical trial was performed on 60 postmenopausal women in Ardabil, Iran, in 2018. The participants were selected using block randomization with the allocation ratio 1:1. Those in the intervention group received 0.5g (the applicator filled to the half-full mark) fenugreek vaginal cream 5% twice a week for 12 weeks. The control group received conjugated estrogens vaginal cream at the dose of 0.625 mg (the applicator filled to the half-full mark) containing 0.3 mg of conjugated estrogens. Atrophic vaginitis was evaluated before and after the treatment through clinical examination, clinical signs, and measurement of vaginal maturation index (VMI). Findings: After the 12-week intervention and modification of the baseline score, the mean (standard error) score for atrophic vaginitis signs was 3.100 (1.43-4.75). This difference was statistically significant in intragroup comparison and in favor of the control group in intergroup comparison (p=0.001). VMI was less than 49 in 86.7% and 46.7% of the participants in the intervention and control groups, respectively. This was a significant difference in favor of the control group (p=0.001). Conclusion: The results of this study showed that total fenugreek extract could be effective in treating signs of atrophic vaginitis but it was not as effective as ultra-low-dose estrogen.

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Background: Pregnancy and childbirth do not increase the risk of COVID-19 infection, but the clinical complications and worsening are more severe than in non-pregnant women. Objectives: The aim of this study was to determine the clinical epidemiology of mothers with COVID-19 hospitalized in Ardabil province. Methods: In this cross-sectional descriptive study, the medical records of 20193 women of childbearing age from March 2020 to August 20 were reviewed. Gestational age, cause of hospitalization, the trend of disease and pregnancy, and possible and non-obstetric complications were evaluated. Data were analyzed by using statistical tests in SPSS version 21. Results: In this study, 9942 childbirths were performed, of which 5965 cesarean sections, 3977 normal deliveries, 6990 preterm deliveries, and 72 women had stillbirths. Also, 73 (0.73%) pregnant women had early symptoms of COVID-19. The highest age range was 25 - 30 years, mostly in the first pregnancy (41.9%) and the third trimester of pregnancy (61.6%) and with symptoms of persistent dry cough, shortness of breath, fever, muscle pain, chills, decreased arterial oxygen saturation and they were dizzy. Among all infected mothers, 20.5% had a preterm delivery, and 8.2% had a stillbirth. 0.36% of mothers with symptoms and 0.46% of mothers were PCR positive Conclusions: Pregnant women do not show clinical periods, and the result is comparable to non-pregnant women of childbearing age when infected with SARS-CoV-2. 0.3% of pregnant mothers were infected, which is not a high rate. Complications of pregnancy, such as preterm delivery and IUFD, are more common in involved pregnant women.