Ginseng, a perennial plant belonging to the Panax genus of the Araliaceae family, has been used in China, Korea, and Japan as a traditional herbal medicine for thousands of years. Ginseng is recorded to have exhibited a wide variety of beneficial pharmacological effects and has become a popular and worldwide known health supplement and drug. The protective effects of ginseng on central nervous system are discussed in this review. Ginseng species and ginsenosides and their intestinal metabolism and bioavailability are concisely introduced. The molecular mechanisms of the effects of ginseng on central nervous system, mainly focused on the neuroprotection properties of ginseng, memory, and learning enhanced properties, and the effects on neurodegenerative disorders are presented. Thus, ginseng and its constituents are of potential merits in the treatment of cerebral disorders.

Rubiscolin-6 is an opioid peptide derived from plant ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco). It has been demonstrated that opioid receptors could control glucose homeostasis in skeletal muscle independent of insulin action. Therefore, Rubiscolin-6 may be involved in the control of glucose metabolism. In the present study, we investigated the effect of rubiscolin-6 on glucose uptake in skeletal muscle. Rubiscolin-6-induced glucose uptake was measured using the fluorescent indicator 2-[N-(7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazol-4-yl) amino]-2-deoxyglucose (2-NBDG) in L6 and C2C12 cell lines. The protein expressions of glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) in L6 cells were observed by Western blotting. The in vivo effects of rubiscolin-6 were characterized in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. Rubiscolin-6 induced a concentration-dependent increase in glucose uptake levels. The increase of phospho-AMPK (pAMPK) and GLUT4 expressions were also observed in L6 and C2C12 cells. Effects of rubiscolin-6 were blocked by opioid receptor antagonists and/or associated signals inhibitors. Moreover, Rubiscolin-6 produced a dose-dependent reduction of blood glucose and increased GLUT4 expression in STZ-induced diabetic rats. In conclusion, rubiscolin-6 increases glucose uptake, potentially via an activation of AMPK to enhance GLUT4 translocation after binding to opioid receptors in skeletal muscle.

Infection is commonly found in toddlers. One of the causes of infection is the poor nutritional status. This study aimed to determine the relationship between histories of infectious diseases and the toddlers' nutritional status in the Mopusi village Lolayan, Bolaang Mongondow. This study used a cross sectional approach. Respondents were 90 women who had toddlers (aged less than 3 years) with histories of infectious diseases from September 2014 until December 2014. Data were analyzed by using SPSS. There were 26 toddlers (28.9%) that had histories of infectious diseases. The results of nutritional status were as follows: according to the BMI/A the most (68.9%) were normal and the lowest (5.6%) was very thin; BW/A the most (73.3%) had good nutrition and the lowest nutrition one child (1.1 %); H/A the most (45.6%) were normal and the lowest height 3 children (3.3%); W/H the most were normal (78.9%) and the lowest very thin 1 child (1.1% ). The correlations of nutritional status and infectious diseases (α = 0.05) were as follows: BMI/A showed correlation coefficient (r) 0.046 and p = 0668; W/A showed (r) -0118 and p = 0268; H/A showed (r) 0.59 and p = 0.580; W/H showed (r) 0.095 and p = 0.372. Conclusion: There was no correlation between nutritional status (according to BMI/A, W/A, H/A, and W/H) and histories of infectious diseases among children aged less than 3 years in the Mopusi village, Lolayan, Bolaang Mongondow.Keywords: nutritional status, history of infectious diseasesAbstrak: Infeksi merupakan salah satu penyakit yang sering terjadi pada anak batita; salah satu penyebabnya ialah status gizi kurang. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan antara riwayat penyakit infeksi dengan status gizi pada anak batita di Desa Mopusi Kecamatan Lolayan Kabupaten Bolaang Mongondow. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode korelasi dengan pendekatan potong lintang. Responden ialah ibu yang memliki batita dengan riwayat penyakit infeksi sebanyak 90 orang di Desa Mopusi pada bulan September 2014-Desember 2014. Data dianalisis menggunakan SPSS. Hasil penelitian memperlihatkan riwayat penyakit infeksi ditemukan pada 26 batita (28,9%). Status gizi menurut IMT/U terbanyak normal 62 anak (68,9%) dan terendah sangat kurus 5 anak (5,6%); BB/U terbanyak gizi baik 66 anak (73,3%) dan terendah gizi lebih 1 anak (1,1%); TB/U terbanyak normal 41 anak (45,6%) dan terendah tinggi 3 anak (3,3%); BB/TB terbanyak normal 71 anak (78,9%) terendah sangat kurus 1 anak (1,1%). Mengenai hubungan status gizi dengan penyakit infeksi (α = 0,05) didapatkan: untuk status gizi IMT/U (r) 0,046 dan p = 0,668; status gizi BB/U (r) -0,118 dan p = 0,268; status gizi (TB/U) (r) 0,59 dan p = 0,580; dan status gizi (BB/TB) (r) 0,095 dan p = 0,372. Simpulan: Tidak terdapat hubungan antara status gizi (IMT/U, BB/U, TB/U, dan BB/TB) dengan penyakit infeksi pada anak umur 1-3 tahun di Desa Mopusi Kecamatan Loloyan Kabupaten Bolaang Mongondow Induk.Kata kunci: status gizi, riwayat penyakit infeksi, batita

Nutritional transition is very important to reduce infectious disease prevalence and under nourishment. Whenever we have a balance food intake, our nutrition status will be good. This study aimed to obtain the relation between the energy intake and the nutrition status based on the anthropometric indices: W/A, H/A, W/H, and IMT/A. This was an analytical study with a cross sectional design, using the purposive sampling method. Total samples were 90 children aged under 3 years. Data were collected by using interview about food recall, body weight, and height. The results showed that 62 children (68.9%) had normal nutritional status by using index IMT/A; good nutrition with W/A in 66 children (73.3%); H/A normal in 41 children (45.6%); and W/H normal in 71 children (78.9%). The Spearman’s rank test showed a coefficient value (r) equal to -0,245 and p 0.02 < 𝛼 = 0.05. Conclusion: In most of the children aged under 3 years there was a significant relationship between energy intake and nutrition status (W/A).Keywords: energy intake, nutrition statusAbstrak: Transisi gizi sangat penting untuk menurunkan prevalensi penyakit infeksi dan W/Akekurangan gizi. Status gizi dikatakan baik apabila asupan makanan seimbang. Asupan makanan yang melebihi kebutuhan tubuh akan menyebabkan kelebihan berat badan dan penyakit, sebaliknya, asupan makanan yang kurang dapat menyebabkan tubuh menjadi kurus dan rentan terhadap penyakit. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan antara asupan energi dengan status gizi berdasarkan indeks antropometri BB/U, TB/U, BB/TB, dan IMT/U. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode survei analitik dengan pendekatan potong lintang. Sampel diperoleh dengan metode purposive sampling. Jumlah sampel dalam penelitian ini sebanyak 90 batita yang memenuhi kriteria sampel. Pengumpulan data melalui wawancara dengan menggunakan kuesioner food recall, timbangan berat badan, dan alat ukur tinggi badan.. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa 62 batita (68,9%) memiliki status gizi IMT/U nomal; 66 batita (73,3%) BB/U gizi baik; 41 batita (45,6%) TB/U normal; dan 71 batita (78,9%) BB/TB normal. Uji satistik Spearman’s rank mendapatkan nilai koefisien korelasi (r) sebesar -0,245 dan nilai p 0,02 <α=0,05. Simpulan: Pada sebagian besar batita umur 1-3 tahun terdapat hubungan bermakna antara asupan energi dan status gizi (BB/U).Kata kunci: asupan energi, status gizi

This study aimed to determine the relationship between mothers' knowledge about nutrition and nutritional status of children aged 1-3 years in the Mopusi village, Lolayan Bolang Mongondow Induk. This was an analytical study with a cross sectional design. There were 90 samples that met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Data were collected by using anthropometric measurements and questionnaires and then were analyzed by using Spearman's rho test. The results showed that there was 5.6% samples with nutritional status (BMI/A) very thin, 6.7% underweight, normal 68.9%, obese 18.9%. The nutritional status (H/A) of the samples was 38.9% very short, short 12.2 %, 45.6% normal, and tall 3.3%. There was no relationship of nutritional status of children (BMI/A) with mothers’ knowledge about nutrition with ƿ = 0.480 (p <α = 0.05) as well as there was no relationship of nutritional status of children (H/A) with knowledge of maternal nutrition in children aged 1-3 years with ƿ = 0.113 (p <α = 0.05). Conclusion: There was no relationship between nutritional status (BMI/A) as well as (H/A) of children aged 1-3 years with mothers’ knowledge about nutrition in Mopusi village, Lolayan Bolaang Mongondow Induk. Keywords: Nutritional Status, Mother’s Nutritional KnowledgeAbstrak: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan antara pengetahuan ibu tentang gizi dengan status gizi anak umur 1-3 tahun di Desa Mopusi Kecamatan Lolayan Kabupaten Bolaang Mongondow Induk. Rancangan penelitian ini bersifat analitik dengan menggunakan pendekatan potong lintang. Sampel merupakan bagian dari populasi yang memenuhi kriteria inklusi dan eksklusi berjumlah 90 orang. Data dikumpulkan melalui pengukuran antropometri dan kuesiener pengetahuan dan dianalisis dengan menggunakan uji Spearman’s rho. Hasil penelitian memperlihatkan status gizi (IMT/U) yang sangat kurus 5,6%, kurus 6,7%, normal 68,9%, dan obes 18,9%. Status gizi (TB/U) yang sangat pendek 38,9%, pendek 12,2%, normal 45,6%, dan tinggi 3,3%. Pengetahuan ibu tentang gizi dengan kategori baik sebanyak 12,2%, cukup 42,2 %, dan kurang 45,5%. Analisis statistik menunjukkan tidak terdapat hubungan status gizi (IMT/U) dan pengetahuan gizi ibu dengan anak umur 1-3 tahun, nilai ƿ = 0,480 (p<α=0,05), dan tidak terdapat hubungan status gizi (TB/U) dan pengetahuan gizi ibu pada anak umur 1-3 tahun, nilai ƿ = 0,113 (p<α=0,05). Simpulan: Tidak terdapat hubungan antara status gizi (IMT/U) dan (TB/U) dengan pengetahuan gizi ibu dengan anak umur 1-3 tahun di Desa Mopusi Kecamatan Lolayan Kabupaten Bolaang Mongondow Induk.Kata kunci: status gizi, pengetahuan gizi ibu