Background: Rapid increase in number of vehicles in Kathmandu valley over past decade and never ending road expansion projects has aggravated air pollution. People involved in transportation jobs for long duration like bus drivers, conductors are more vulnerable to ill effects of air pollutants. The purpose of the present study was to assess lung function of public bus drivers exposed to outdoor air pollution by means of PEFR. Methods: Fifty healthy, non smoking bus drivers were selected randomly from bus parks of Bhaktapur district. Anthropological records were taken. PEFR value was obtained by Mini Wright’s peak flow meter. Their mean PEFR was compared with 50, age matched control group involved in other office works. Results: The PEFR value was significantly lower among bus drivers than the control group (p<0.001). Mean PEFR decreased with increasing age and increased duration of bus driving. Conclusions: Our study concluded that PEFR value among bus drivers who are exposed to air pollutants for long period of time was significantly reduced.

Background: Venous network of hand is superficially placed and is easy to trace for clinical purposes. Ce-phalic vein on lateral aspect and basilic vein on medial aspect of the hand are clinically important for inva-sive and surgical procedures. Thus the study of cephalic and basilic veins at dorsal venous arch of hand was dissected to observe for length of dorsal venous arch and the diameter and thickness of cephalic and basilic veins. Methods: This is a cross-sectional observational study conducted in 50 hands of cadavers (36 hands of male cadavers, 14 hands of female cadavers) in Department of Anatomy, Kathmandu Medical College Teaching Hospital, Duwakot. Cadavers were performed to measure the length of dorsal venous arch, diame-ter and thickness of cephalic and basilic vein on dorsum of hands. Results: The mean±s.d. length of dorsal venous arch in male cadaver (19.03±2.84 cm.) was significantly greater than in female (16.51±1.36 cm.).There was no significant difference in length of dorsal venous arch on right (18.22 ±2.47 cm.) and left side (18.42±3.05 cm.) in either sex. The mean±s.d thickness of basilic vein (0.10±0.01mm) in either sex was significantly greater than that of cephalic vein (0.09±0.01mm). Conclusions: The length of the dorsal ve-nous arch in male cadavers was found significantly greater than in female cadavers. The diameters based on external and internal circumference of basilic veins was found to be more than diameter of cephalic veins in both male and female cadavers. The thickness of basilic vein was found to be more (0.10±0.01mm) than that of cephalic vein (0.09±0.01mm) in cadaver of both sexes.

Introduction: The fragile nature of the nasal septum and other bony structures makes them prone to fragmentation and destruction. Deviated nasal septum persists in adult stage of life giving rise to anatomical, psychological and cosmetic consequences. There are many consequences of deviated nasal septum like nasal obstruction, mouth breathing, headache and asymmetry of face. The amount of airflow and resistance to it in the nasal cavity with deviated nasal septum are quite different from person to person. Our study is focused on the prevalence of deviated nasal septum.  Materials and methods: This was a cross-sectional observational study conducted among 300 individuals from Nepalese preclinical students studying at Kathmandu Medical College Teaching Hospital (KMCTH). Prevalence of deviated nasal septum in males and females were determined affecting symmetry of the face.  Results: The prevalence of deviated nasal septum was found to be 53% (159) of total study population. The left sided nasal septal deviation was found to be more in male 33.33% (50) than that of female 29.33% (44).The asymmetry of the face was observed in 55% (165) of total study population. However, asymmetry of face was observed more in male 58.66% (88) than in female 51.33% (77). Conclusion The deviated nasal septum and asymmetry of the face were remarkably prevalent among Nepalese preclinical students studying at Kathmandu Medical College Teaching Hospital. The prevalence of deviated nasal septum and asymmetry of face was found significantly greater in male than in female (p< 0.05).

Introduction: The presence of accessory mental foramen is one of the anatomical variations in the mandible. The occurrence of accessory mental foramen can differ in terms of number, shape, and size or there can even be an absence of it. The aim of this study was to find out the prevalence of left accessory mental foramen in dry mandibles in the Department of Anatomy of a medical college. Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in a medical college among dry mandibles from 10 January 2021 to 10 June 2021. Ethical approval was obtained from the Institutional Review Committee (Reference number: 207202005). Intact dry mandibles were studied for the prevalence of left accessory mental foramen. A convenience sampling technique was used. Point estimate and 90% Confidence Interval were calculated. Results: Among 47 dry mandibles, the prevalence of left accessory mental foramen was found to be 4 (8.51%) (1.81-15.21, 90% Confidence Interval). The mean diameter of the left accessory foramen was found to be 1.02±0.03 mm. Conclusions: The prevalence of left accessory mental foramen in mandibles was similar to the studies done in similar settings.

Introduction: Trismus is a condition of reduced mouth opening due to tonic constrictions of the muscles of mastication. Trismus greatly affects health-related quality of life and thus daily life activities. The aim of this study was to find out the prevalence of trismus among preclinical students in a medical college at a tertiary care teaching hospital. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in a medical college from 10th July 2021 to 10th December 2021 for a period of five months. Ethical clearance was obtained from the Institutional Research Committee (Reference number: 0311202004). A total of 315 preclinical students studying at a medical college were included in the current study. Convenience sampling method was used. Point estimate and 99% Confidence Interval were calculated. Results: Among 315 students, trismus was seen in 14 (4.44%) (1.45-7.43, 95% Confidence Interval) . The clicking sound on the right side of the temporomandibular joint was found to be in 6 (42.86%), on the left side was 5 (35.71%) and that of both sides of the temporomandibular joint was 1 (7.14%) among the 14 students with trismus. The mean maximal interincisal mouth opening was found to be 33.4±0.46 mm in students having trismus. Conclusions: The prevalence of trismus was found to be similar to the other studies performed in similar settings among preclinical students in a medical college. Awareness on mouth opening exercises and timely management can help reduce trismus.