A importância da produção de biodiesel, nos últimos cinco anos, é apresentada a partir de artigos científicos publicados e patentes depositadas. Foi realizada uma análise crítica sobre as fontes oleaginosas mais utilizadas como matéria-prima para produção de biodiesel, os catalisadores e os métodos de acompanhamento da reação de transesterificação. Também foram avaliados estudos comparativos entre emissões de diesel fossil e misturas, em várias proporções, com biodiesel. Finalmente, foram indicados desafios enfocando aspectos tecnológicos, agronômicos e de infraestrutura para produção de biodiesel.The importance of biodiesel production was analyzed based on scientific articles and patents. A critical analysis was presented on the most used oil sources, the catalysts and the methods to verify the transesterification yields. Also analyzed were the comparative studies on emissions from pure fossil diesel and mixtures with biodiesel in variable proportions. Finally some challenges and considerations focused on technological, agronomic and infrastructure aspects of biodiesel production were indicated.
Around the world, there is a growing increase in biofuels consumption, mainly ethanol and biodiesel as well as their blends with diesel that reduce the cost impact of biofuels while retaining some of the advantages of the biofuels. This increase is due to several factors like decreasing the dependence on imported petroleum; providing a market for the excess production of vegetable oils and animal fats; using renewable and biodegradable fuels; reducing global warming due to its closed carbon cycle by CO2 recycling; increasing lubricity; and reducing substantially the exhaust emissions of carbon monoxide, unburned hydrocarbons, and particulate emissions from diesel engines. However, there are major drawbacks in the use of biofuel blends as NOx tends to be higher, the intervals of motor parts replacement such as fuel filters are reduced and degradation by chronic exposure of varnish deposits in fuel tanks and fuel lines, paint, concrete, and paving occurs as some materials are incompatible. Here, fuel additives become indispensable tools not only to decrease these drawbacks but also to produce specified products that meet international and regional standards like EN 14214, ASTM D 6751, and DIN EN 14214, allowing the fuels trade to take place. Additives improve ignition and combustion efficiency, stabilize fuel mixtures, protect the motor from abrasion and wax deposition, and reduce pollutant emissions, among other features. Two basic trends are becoming more relevant: the progressive reduction of sulfur content and the increased use of biofuels. Several additives' compositions may be used as long as they keep the basic chemical functions that are active.
Recebido em 26/2/07; aceito em 14/6/07; publicado na web em 14/1/08 DETERMINATION OF BIODIESEL PERCENTAGE IN BIODIESEL:DIESEL MIXTURES USING MID-INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY. Considered the best substitute for diesel, biodiesel can be blended with diesel in any ratio, bringing lots of environmental, economic and social advantages. Brazilian law Nº 11097/2005, proposes the introduction of biodiesel in to the Brazilian energy matrix, mixed with diesel at a minimum percentage of 2%. For consumers and sellers to be sure that the commercialized mixture of biodiesel:diesel contains the correct percentage, it is necessary to develop analytical methodologies to quantify the amount of biodiesel added. This work presents a fast, low-cost and simple methodology to determine the biodiesel proportion in mixtures of biodiesel:diesel, based on infrared spectroscopy.Keywords: biodiesel; biodiesel:diesel mixtures; mid-infrared spectroscopy. INTRODUÇÃOA possibilidade de uso de óleos vegetais como combustível foi reconhecida desde os primórdios dos motores diesel. O próprio Rudolph Diesel utilizou vários óleos vegetais em seus motores e no prefácio escrito por ele para o livro Termodinâmica, de Chalkey (1911), afirmou: "O motor diesel pode ser alimentado com óleos vegetais e poderá ajudar consideravelmente o desenvolvimento da agricultura nos países onde ele funcionar. Isso parece um sonho do futuro, mas eu posso predizer com inteira convicção que esse modo de emprego do motor diesel pode, em dado tempo, adquirir uma grande importância" 1 . Os derivados de óleos vegetais são substitutos adequados para o óleo diesel por não requererem modificações nos motores e apresentarem alto rendimento energético. Eles não contêm enxofre (portanto, não contribuem para geração de ácido sulfuroso na atmosfera -chuva ácida) e sua combustão gera menores teores de gases poluentes que o óleo diesel, pois retiram CO 2 da atmosfera para crescimento da planta e a quantidade de CO 2 liberada na combustão desses óleos é menor que a gasta na sua produção. Por isso, o uso de biodiesel de origem vegetal reduz o percentual de CO 2 , um gás de efeito estufa, na atmosfera 2 . A alternativa mais viável de transformação dos óleos vegetais para gerar um combustível capaz de fazer funcionar um motor por compressão sem danificá-lo tem sido o biodiesel. Considerado um combustível biodegradável e ambientalmente correto, o biodiesel quimicamente é uma mistura de ésteres mono-alquílicos de ácidos graxos 3
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