Summaryobjective To study the attitudes, concerns, perceived impact, coping strategies, knowledge on avian influenza (AI) and personal protection measures, and institutional and personal preparedness for AI among all Indonesian primary healthcare workers (PHW).methods Questionnaire survey of PHW from four public primary healthcare clinics in South Jakarta (n = 333), with Singaporean PHW from 18 such clinics as controls (n = 1321). Twelve focus group discussions with 51 South Jakarta PHW were also conducted. Quantitative and qualitative data were analysed separately with statistical and thematic analysis, respectively, then combined.results South Jakarta PHW had positive attitudes but major concerns about contracting AI, difficulties in diagnosing human AI and inadequacy of personal protection provided. South Jakarta PHW are less knowledgeable about AI and use of personal protection equipment, and reported poorer awareness, availability and participation in AI preparation activities. Only 3% of South Jakarta PHW received influenza vaccination in the preceding 6 months and few felt prepared for AI.

Presently the world is experiencing a pandemic of a global magnitude never before witnessed and recorded by human civilization. No one is excluded from this disease and the most vulnerable are the very young and/the very old in our population. It is the most highly communicable and severe viral infection and most of our reproductive age population show practically no signs or symptoms of infection unless they are tested positive using the PCR method or arrive at the hospital in acute respiratory distress.(1) The infection spreads mostly in: 1) closed environment with poor ventilation such as clubs, café, restaurants, meeting rooms; 2) among crowds of people such as in public stations, malls, religious gatherings, and cinemas as well as; 3) within close contact with people usually friends, family or co-workers who form the cluster most likely to be infected with the virus.(2)

In the year 2020, the life expectancy in Indonesia will be 71.7 years and the proportion of older people will be between 10 and 11% or 30 million persons. Presently, older men are mostly married, while older women are mostly divorced. Older men are the heads of the household, while older women are spouses or parents in the household. Older women mostly do not have any formal education, while older men have primary and intermediate education. Older men are mostly literate, while older women are illiterate. Monthly income of older women is mostly below US$5, while that of older men is above US$10. The objective of the present study was to illustrate intracultural perception of older people in five ethnic groups in Indonesia: Batak, Java, Pendalungan (mixed Java and Madurese), Bali, and Buginese. The sociocultural and operation research technique was used in the study. A total of 300 informants participated in the study. They were divided into groups that consisted of 10 informants. The groups were differentiated based on family status, gender, and socioeconomic status. Semi‐structure group discussions (SSGD) were limited to 1−1.5 h of discussion using two study instruments: ethnography flow chart and theme guide matrix. Themes discussed in the SSGD were (i) cultural ideas of ageing; (2) the needs of older people; and (iii) intracultural perception of themes such as older person health, communication, and socioeconomics. Perspectives of cultural perception given by informants showed that their conceptualized opinions were based mainly on their sociocultural, socioeconomic and sociogeographical backgrounds.

Background Self-care practices such as lifestyle modifications in diet, exercise, and stress management are effective in reducing the incidence of and enhancing better management of hypertension. However, little is known about the self-care management practices of people with hypertension in Southeast Asia (SEA) countries where the prevalence of hypertension is sharply increasing. Methods A scoping review of research and grey literature (2006–2021) was performed using Scoping Review Frameworks by Arkey and O’Malley. For the research literature, ten databases were searched followed by a manual search of the reference lists of relevant topical papers. Criteria for inclusion included both qualitative and quantitative primary data studies, focused on adult (18 years and over) hypertensive patients, self-care management methods, conducted in SEA. The study protocol has been registered at Open Science Framework ( https://osf.io/s4nvk/ ). Results Out of 1667 studies examined, there were 57 studies that met criteria and were included in this review. Results indicate a paucity of relevant literature. Moreover, most studies reviewed showed an incident rate of 50% or more incidence of behavioural risk factors in people diagnosed with hypertension, including overweight/obesity, poor physical exercise, poor/low-quality dietary intake, and not adhering to medication. Few studies indicated adequate traditional self-care practice among SEA hypertension populations. Use of a non-prescription herbal as the medication is identified in some studies. Several reviewed articles indicated that there is individual variation in the facilitators and barriers to implementing self-care practices and we put it into a working framework. The facilitators and barriers are relevant to personal choice (internal factors) or to the environment or context (external factors). Conclusion Enhancing self-care management of hypertension in SEA may require a multi-focused approach including targeting personal choice as well as external factors such as cultural relevance, environment, and resources.

The objective of this cross-sectional study was to determine whether health-center performance was related to children's nutritional status. Two stages of sampling were used. The first stage used simple random sampling of a finite population, in which 37 out of 100 health centers were selected. The second stage used comparison of two proportions, in which 254 children between 6 and 36 months old were selected from three health centers in the high-performance and three health centers in the low-performance groups. Health-center performance in Bandung District was low (< 61%). Staff capability was the major factor influencing health-center performance and the quality of nutritional service. Performance scores (45.2% for the low-performance group and 60% for the high-performance group) in the two groups of health centers were not positively related to the children's nutritional status (p > .05). The low contribution of health centers to the children's nutritional status was due to a low coverage of health services and similar socioeconomic status of the households.