Empirical evidence about FDI spillovers to domestic firms has provided mixed results. This global evaluation has recently been complemented with the analysis of the factors that determine the existence, dimension and sign of FDI spillovers. We survey the arguments that support these factors and analyze the empirical evidence already produced. FDI spillovers depend on many factors, frequently with an indeterminate effect. Absorptive capacity of domestic firms and regions are a precondition for incorporating the benefits of FDI spillovers. Concerning the remaining factors, the results suggest opposite effects or, in some cases, are still insufficient to legitimate decisive conclusions.

An experiment was conducted to study the effect of different dietary fatty acid profiles on abdominal fat deposition in broilers. Diets with four types of fats (tallow, olive oil, sunflower oil, and linseed oil), at two levels of fat inclusion (either 6 or 10%), were administered to males from 21 to 42 d and to females from 21 to 49 d of age. The sexes were studied separately. Performance parameters, abdominal fat, muscle fat and cholesterol, and fatty acid profile of thigh, breast, and abdominal fat were determined. Broilers fed sunflower and linseed oils presented better values of feed efficiency. Abdominal fat and cholesterol content of thigh muscle were significantly lower in animals fed sunflower and linseed oils than in those fed tallow or olive oil (P < 0.001). In females, abdominal fat increased with level of fat inclusion only in birds fed tallow or olive oil, whereas it remained constant in birds fed sunflower or linseed oil. Muscle fat content was lower for birds fed tallow or olive oil but not significantly. The fatty acid profile of the different tissues reflected dietary fatty acid profile. Monounsaturated fatty acids were higher in abdominal fat, whereas polyunsaturated fatty acids were higher in muscle fat. These results suggest that polyunsaturated fatty acids produce lower abdominal fat deposition than saturated or monounsaturated fatty acids.

Abstract:The analysis of the decision to enter into self-employment is a hot topic in economic

An experiment was carried out to examine thoroughly the relationships among different n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in the diet, their deposition into the eggs' fat, and their effect on hens' laying performance. A diet enriched with 4% fish oil (FO) was fed to the birds throughout the 14-wk laying period (Treatment 1; T1); this was the same oil source that was replaced in proportions of 25, 50, 75, or 100% with four different fat sources, resulting in 17 isocaloric dietary treatments: linseed oil (LO; T2 to T5), rapeseed oil (RO; T6 to T9), sunflower oil (SO; T10 to T13), and tallow (T; T14 to T17). Performance parameters were recorded weekly and analyzed on the basis of the replacing fat source. At the end of the 14-wk experimental period, eggs were collected, and their fatty acid (FA) profile was determined. Performance parameters were not significantly different among grouped treatments. Smaller proportions of FO in diets resulted in lower values of saturated and higher values of n-6 FA contents, regardless of the fat source used when replacing FO. The n-6 content increased mostly because of the rise in linoleic acid (LA), although the level of arachidonic acid (AA) was always higher when FO was completely suppressed. The amount of the different n-3 long-chain PUFA was lower (P < 0.001) when FO was present in lesser proportions in the diet. However, the slope of the decline of these FA changed according to the included fat. Replacing FO with LO resulted in the lowest decline of its derivatives by elongation and desaturation and an increase in the total n-3 FA in the form of linolenic acid (LNA).

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of different dietary fatty acid profiles on efficiency of energy, fat, nitrogen, and fatty acid deposition in broiler chickens. Sixty female broiler chickens were fed a basal diet without additional fat or with 4 other diets with different fats (tallow, olive, sunflower, and linseed oils) at 10% from 28 to 48 d of age. Among broilers fed diets with added fat, those fed linseed oil had less abdominal fat (in grams and percentage) than those fed tallow (P < 0.05). Absorbed fat losses were slightly higher for birds fed linseed oil, and nitrogen efficiency was lower in those fed tallow (P < 0.05). However, there were not significant differences in energy deposition among broilers fed diets with added fat. Fatty acid balance showed the highest values of fatty acid oxidation during the experimental period in broilers fed linseed oil (48.2 g), followed by those fed sunflower oil (23.2 g). Contribution of endogenous fat synthesis to total body fat deposition was minimal in birds fed diets with added fat accounting for 3, 1.2, 8.5, and 7.5 g for broilers fed tallow, olive, sunflower, and linseed oils, respectively. This reflects lipogenesis inhibition by dietary fat addition. Interestingly, between broilers fed diets with added fat, higher values of fatty acids from endogenous synthesis were found in broilers fed diets rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). Results suggest that reduction of abdominal fat in broilers fed linseed oil seems to be a consequence of higher lipid oxidation despite the higher synthesis of endogenous fatty acids.