Included on the World Heritage List in 1991, the Borobudur Temple Compounds have been attracting vast numbers of tourists. To increase the number of incoming tourists even further, tourism climate comfort is one of the key elements that must be considered, as it can affect tourist visiting patterns, as well as tourists' preferences. This study analyzes the level of tourism climate comfort using three different methods, i.e., Tourism Climate Index (TCI), Temperature Humidity Index (THI) and Holiday Climate Index (HCI). It further assesses their sensitivities to observe tourist visitation in Borobudur Temple. The climate data for the timeframe 2010-2019 is obtained from the Automatic Weather Station (AWS) Borobudur. Based on the TCI, we notice that the comfortable months were June to August. By comparison, the THI results showed that the comfortable period began in July and ended in August. Meanwhile, the HCI results showed that the comfortable months were July to October. All monthly indexes obtained by means of the three methods are then evaluated in view of the monthly visitation data. This optimized HCI index demonstrates a high correlation with tourist visitation at Borobudur Temple, especially foreign tourist that more sensitive to the climate. Hence, relative humidity and rainfall have high correlation with the HCI climatic comfort level at Borobudur Temple. This study improves our understanding of the climatic index correlation with the number of visitors at Borobudur Temple and can help advertisers and local authorities make pre-trip climate comfort information and more informed decisions in terms of tourism policies.

East Surabaya, an area that is developing intensively, is known for its excessive problems, including a water shortage which reoccurs every year. The main objective of this study is to investigate the environmental carrying capacity based on the available water resources in East Surabaya, Indonesia. The method used consists of determining the ratio between supply and demand in order to obtain the carrying capacity of the local environment. The results show that the carrying capacity in East Surabaya in the year 2030 is of conditional sustain and amounts to 1.0. Generally, the deficit status (overshoot) occurs between May and November and conditional sustain in April and December, with the condition of surplus (sustain) occurring from January to March. However, further action is needed to conserve water during the surplus months and thus meet the needs arising during the deficit months.

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Paddy is the main agricultural commodity in Indonesia that needs a large amount of water. Accurate prediction of crop water use is essential to have an efficient irrigation system. The actual evapotranspiration (ETc ABSTRAKPadi merupakan komoditas pertanian utama di Indonesia yang membutuhkan air dalam jumlah banyak saat pembudidayaannya. Prediksi yang akurat dari jumlah penggunaan air tanaman diperlukan untuk sistem penggunaan air irigasi yang efisien. Evapotranspirasi aktual (ETC) adalah nilai penting yang digunakan untuk memprediksi jumlah air irigasi. Koefisien tanaman (Kc) harus diketahui terlebih dahulu untuk menghitung ETC tersebut. Penelitian untuk memperkirakan Kc padi telah dilakukan di dalam pot dengan berbagai perlakuan muka air. Muka air tersebut diatur menggunakan tabung Mariot. Muka air ditetapkan pada -12 cm, -7 cm, -5 cm, -3cm, 0 cm, dan 2 cm dari permukaan tanah. Dalam penelitian ini, Kc dihitung menggunakan persamaan neraca air modifikasi dan Kalman Filter. Hasilnya menunjukkan bahwa perlakuan muka air pada penanaman padi mempengaruhi kelembaban tanah ( ) dan temperatur tanah (Tsoil). Fluktuasi dari parameter fisik tanah akibat perlakuan muka air tersebut memberikan efek pada pertumbuhan tanaman dan kemungkinan terjadinya evapotranspirasi, sehingga nilai Kc pada setiap perlakuan menjadi berbeda. Secara umum, nilai Kc juga akan berbeda seiring dengan pertumbuhan tanaman. Kc rata-rata untuk semua perlakuan muka air adalah 0,77-1,27 (initial season), 0,90-1,11 (crop development), 1,10-1,39 (mid-season), dan 1,17-1,40 (late season).Kata kunci: koefisien tanaman, evapotranspirasi, muka air, neraca air, padi